THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


INSANITY 


IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME 


A   TEXT  AND  A    COMMENTARY. 


BY 

WILLIAM  A.  HAMMOND,  M.D., 

PROFESSOR  OP  DISEASES  OP  THE  MIND  AND  NERVOUS    SYSTEM  AND   OP  CLINICAL    MEDICINE    IN 
THE  BELLEVUE  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE ;     PHY8ICIAN-IN-CHIEF  TO  THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 
HOSPITAL  FOB  DISEASES  OF  THE  NEBVOU8  SYSTEM  ;   FELLOW  OP  THE  COLLEGE  OP  PHYSI- 
CIANS OP  PHILADELPHIA;  MEMBER  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OP  THE  NATURAL  SCIENCES 
OP  PHILADELPHIA,  OP  THE  AMERICAN  PHILOSOPHICAL  SOCIETY,  OP  THE  NEW 
YOBK  MEDICO-LEGAL  SOCIETY;  CORRESPONDING  MEMBER  OP  THE  BRITISH 
MEDICAL  ASSOCIATION  AND  OF  THE  ANTHROPOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE  OF 
GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND;   MEMBER  OP  THE  VEREIN  WUB- 
TEMBERGI8CHER  WUNDARZTE  UNO  GEBURT8HELFER,  OF  THE 
PBOVINCIAAL  TJTRECHT8CH  GENOOTSCHAP  VAN  KUN8TEN 
EN  WETEN8CHAPPEN  J  HONORARY  MEMBER  OP  THE 
BT.  ANDREW'S  MEDICAL  GRADUATES'  ASSOCIATION 
(SCOTLAND),  ETC.,  ETC. 


"8ALTJ8  POPULI  8UPBEMA   LEX   EST." 


NEW  YORK: 
D.    APPLETON    &    COMPANY, 

549   &   551    BROADWAY. 
1873. 


ENTERED,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1873,  by 

D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


IN 

THE  HOPE 

THAT   WHAT   I  HAVE  WBITTEN 
WILL     COMMEND     ITSELF     TO     HI8     APPBOVAL, 

£  Bettcate  tljts  Essas 

TO   MY   FEIEND 

THE  HON.  MICHAEL  0.   KERR, 

OF  THE  STATE  OP  INDIANA, 

WHOSE     BEOAD     AND      ENLIGHTENED     VIEWS, 
ON   ALL  SUBJECTS   CONNECTED  WITH  POLITICAL  AND   SOCIAL  ECONOMY, 

HAVE  ALWAYS   COMMANDED 
MY       EAENE8T       ADMIEATION. 


PKEFACE. 


A  PART  of  this  essay,  under  the  title  "  Society 
versus  Insanity,"  was  contributed  to  Putnam's  Mag- 
azine, for  September,  1870.  The  greater  portion  is 
now  first  published.  The  importance  of  the  subject 
considered  can  scarcely  be  over-estimated,  whether 
we  regard  it  from  the  stand-point  of  science  or  social 
economy ;  and,  if  I  have  aided  in  its  elucidation,  my 
object  will  have  been  attained. 

NEW  YOEK,  April  20,  1873. 


10  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

days  nothing  giving  the  slightest  clew  to  the  object 
of  their  search  was  discovered.  A  handkerchief  was 
found  at  a  little  distance  from  the  vineyard,  but  it 
did  not  belong  to  the  lost  child.  At  last,  on  the 
16th  of  August,  a  .party  of  villagers  from  Cerny, 
who  were  engaged  in  searching  for  some  trace  of  the 
girl,  perceived  a  fissure  in  a  large  rock,  which  was 
partially  closed  by  withered  branches,  apparently 
quite  recently  disturbed.  Tearing  them  away,  they 
found  a  quantity  of  hay,  straw,  and  leaves,  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  conceal  the  opening  of  a  cave,  into 
which  they  at  once  entered.  The  remains  of  various 
articles  of  food,  and  a  bed  of  hay  and  moss,  revealed 
the  fact  that  the  cave  had  recently  served  as  a  place 
of  habitation.  An  offensive  odor,  which  filled  the 
cave,  led  to  additional  researches,  and,  in  a  few  mo- 
ments, they  discovered,  buried  in  the  sand  in  a  re- 
mote corner  of  the  cavern,  a  dead  body,  already  in  a 
state  of  putrefaction.  A  chemise,  a  petticoat,  and  a 
handkerchief,  were  bound  around  it  with  withes  of 
oak.  The  father  and  the  mother  of  the  young  girl 
recognized  the  body  as  that  of  their  lost  daughter. 

Notified  of  this  discovery,  and  of  the  probability 
that  a  crime  had  been  committed,  the  authorities 
assumed  the  charge  of  all  further  proceedings.  A 
surgeon  who  examined  the  corpse  ascertained  that 
the  body  had  been  opened  throughout  its  whole  ex- 


LEGER.  11 

tent  by  a  sharp  instrument,  and  that  numerous  and 
deep  wounds  had  been  made  in  various  parts  of  the 
body  by  the  point  of  the  same  weapon.  The  head 
and  the  neck  were  gorged  with  blood,  while  the 
heart  and  neighboring  large  vessels  were  empty. 

Anxiety  and  terror  prevailed  throughout  the  dis- 
trict, and  every  effort  was  made  to  discover  the  per- 
petrator of  the  horrible  crime.  The  peasants  and 
the  police  examined  with  the  utmost  care  every  trav- 
eler upon  whom  they  could  lay  their  hands,  thinking 
in  each  one  to  detect  the  assassin.  They  little  knew 
that  he  was  already  in  custody. 

On  the  12th  of  August,  two  days  after  the  dis- 
appearance of  the  young  girl,  and  four  days  before 
the  finding  of  her  body,  an  officer  of  the  canton  had 
perceived  in  a  forest,  seated  near  a  spring,  a  man 
who  was  unknown  to  him.  His  appearance  was  sin- 
gular,  and  his  clothing  was  in  disorder.  The  officer 
approached  him,  but  the  man  hastily  rose  and  disap- 
peared in  the  depths  of  the  wood.  The  following 
day  the  officer  watched  the  spring,  and  in  the  even- 
ing when  the  man  returned  to  it  he  arrested  him. 

The  man  declared  that  he  was  named  Antoine 
Leger,  of  St.-Martin  Bretencourt,  in  the  canton  of 
Dourdan,  and  that  he  had  left  his  family  suddenly 
on  St.  John's  day,  taking  with  him  the  sum  of  fifty 
francs.  "  I  walked,"  said  he,  "  for  a  day  and  a  half 


12  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

in  the  forest,  when  you  arrested  me.  I  do  not  know 
where  I  shall  go ;  probably  wherever  my  despair  leads 
me."  When  taken  before  the  adjoint  de  la  commune, 
he  stated  that  he  was  an  escaped  convict,  and  he  re- 
lated how  he  had  broken  his  chains  at  Brest,  and 
had  scaled  the  walls  of  his  prison. 

These  singular  and  contradictory  statements,  the 
absence  of  all  papers,  the  finding  of  two  knives  on 
his  person,  one  with  a  remarkably  sharp  blade,  con- 
stituted a  series  of  suspicious  circumstances  which 
led  to  his  detention  as  a  vagrant,  if  nothing  more. 

In  the  jail,  Leger  told  the  other  prisoners  that 
for  fifteen  days  he  had  slept  in  the  woods  and  crev- 
ices of  the  rocks.  "  But,"  replied  his  companions, 
"  what  did  you  eat  since  you  kept  away  from  the 
villages  ?  "  "  Pears,  artichokes,  and  wheat,"  he  an- 
swered. 

This  conversation  reached  the  ears  of  the  author- 
ities, and  at  once  excited  suspicion,  for,  in  the  cave 
where  the  body  of  the  young  Debully  had  been  dis- 
covered, the  remains  of  artichokes,  pears,  and  wheat, 
had  also  been  found.  Moreover,  several  women  de- 
clared that,  some  time  before  the  disappearance  of  the 
girl,  they  had  met  in  the  vicinity  of  the  cavern  a 
man  whose  unusual  features  and  swarthy  complexion 
had  surprised  and  frightened  them.  Confronted  with 
Leger,  they  recognized  him  as  the  man  they  had  seen, 


LEGER.  13 

and  who  had  even  accosted  some  of  them  in  the  for- 
est. 

It  was  then  remembered  that  a  handkerchief, 
striped  in  blue  and  white,  had  been  found  not  far 
from  the  vineyard ;  on  comparing  this  with  another 
in  Leger' s  possession,  it  was  perceived  that  both  were 
made  from  the  same  piece  of  cloth,  hemmed  with 
the  same  kind  of  thread,  and  in  a  similar  manner. 
Then  the  body,  having  been  exhumed,  the  wounds 
were  compared  with  the  sharp  knife  taken  from  the 
prisoner's  person,  and  they  were  found  to  correspond 
exactly. 

Leger,  who  had  continued  to  deny  all  knowledge 
of  the  crime,  could  no  longer  resist  the  force  of  the 
evidence  accumulating  around  him.  Taken  to  the 
place  where  the  outrage  had  been  committed,  brought 
into  the  presence  of  the  corpse  of  his  victim,  pressed 
with  questions  by  the  judge,  faint-hearted  and  trem- 
bling, he  allowed  the  terrible  confession  to  escape 
him.  "  Ah,  yes,"  he  exclaimed,  "  it  was  I  who  per- 
petrated the  crime ; "  and  then  he  went  on  to  detail 
all  the  particulars  with  the  utmost  minuteness. 
From  his  own  account  and  from  other  evidence  the 
following  facts  were  elicited : 

Leger  had,  as  he  declared,  left  his  home  on  St. 
John's  day  (June  20th)  with  the  avowed  pretext  of 
hiring  himself  out  to  domestic  service  at  Dourdan, 


14  INSANITY  IN   ITS  KELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

but,  in  reality,  with  the  firm  intention  of  removing 
himself  from  all  family  influence,  and  of  living  in  a 
state  of  absolute  isolation.  Besides  the  sum  of  fifty 
francs,  he  had  nothing  but  his  clothing.  Instead  of 
going  to  Dourdan,  he  had  gone  directly  to  Etampes, 
where  he  had  passed  the  night  at  an  inn.  The  next 
day  he  reached  Ferte  Aleps,  and  stopped  near  that 
town,  in  the  woods  which  overlook  the  hamlet  of 
Montmirault.  He  at  once  searched  through  the  for- 
est for  a  retreat  which  would  protect  him  from  the 
inclemency  of  the  weather,  and  discovered  the  cave 
of  which  mention  has  been  made,  and  in  which  he 
took  up  his  habitation. 

During  the  first  two  weeks  he  lived  on  roots, 
pears,  currants,  wheat,  and  other  vegetables  which  he 
gathered  in  the  valley  on  the  confines  of  the  wood. 
About  the  first  of  August  he  got  up  in  the  night, 
and  stole  some  artichokes  from  a  garden  in  the 
neighborhood. 

One  day,  having  surprised  and  captured  a  hare, 
he  killed  it  and  ate  it  raw  on  the  spot.  Overcome 
with  hunger,  he  went  one  evening  at  nine  o'clock  to 
Ferte  Aleps  to  purchase  some  bread  and  cheese.  He 
repeated  his  visit  for  the  same  purpose,  and  at  the 
same  hour,  several  times.  But,  in  the  midst  of  his 
solitude,  he  was  tormented  with  violent  passions ;  he 
experienced  the  horrible  desire  to  eat  human  flesh, 


LEGER.  15 

and  to  drink  human  blood.     The  occasion  soon  pre- 
sented itself,  and  he  at  once  took  advantage  of  it. 

On  the  10th  of  August,  while  wandering  in  the 
wood,  he  found  himself,  about  four  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  on  the  heights  which  overlook  the  valley 
of  Itteville.  In  a  vineyard  near  the  borders  of  the 
wood  he  saw  a  young  girl,  and  he  at  once  conceived 
the  idea  of  carrying  her  off  to  satisfy  the  worse  than 
brutal  passions  which  possessed  him.  The  girl  was 
alone.  Some  shepherds  and  laborers  were  scattered 
about  the  plain,  but  they  were  too  far  off  to  hear  her 
cries,  to  come  to  her  assistance,  or  even  to  notice  his 
actions.  He  rapidly  descended  the  hill-side,  rushed 
like  a  savage  beast  on  the  child,  who,  seated  on  the 
ground  with  her  back  toward  him,  did  not  see  him 
approach,  wound  his  handkerchief  around  her  neck, 
lifted  her  to  his  shoulders,  and  plunged  swiftly  with 
her  into  the  depths  of  the  forest. 

Then  exhausted  with  his  effort,  and  perceiving 
that  his  victim  did  not  move,  he  threw  her  on  the 
ground.  Part  of  his  crime  was  already  accomplished, 
for  life  was  extinct.  He  then  proceeded  to  quench 
his  thirst  with  her  blood.  .  .  .  His  brutal  rage  being 
appeased,  Leger  enveloped  the  body  in  the  garments 
which  had  covered  it,  and  bound  them  around  it 
with  a  strong  oak  branch  which  he  cut  from  a  tree 
near  by.  He  then  carried  it  to  the  cave  and  buried 


16  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

it  in  the  sand.  Then,  fearing  that  the  emanations 
from  the  corpse  would  be  perceived,  he  closed  with 
care  the  opening  into  the  cavern,  and,  after  having 
washed  his  face,  his  hands,  his  knife ;  after  having 
torn  off  the  collar  and  sleeves  of  his  shirt,  soiled 
with  the  blood  of  his  victim,  and  concealed  them 
under  a  rock,  tormented  by  remorse,  and  not  being 
able  to  sleep,  he  departed  two  hours  before  day  from 
the  theatre  of  his  crime.  From  that  time  till  the 
hour  of  his  arrest  he  had  wandered  aimlessly  through 
the  woods  and  mountains. 

The  confession  of  this  wretch  accorded  perfectly 
with  the  state  of  the  corpse,  and  with  all  the  dis- 
coveries made  during  the  preliminary  examinations. 
Conducted  to  the  places  he  had  mentioned,  Leger 
showed  the  spot  where  he  had  stopped  to  consum- 
mate his  crime,  upon  which  some  bloody  stains  could 
still  be  seen ;  he  pointed  out  the  oak  from  which  he 
had  cut  the  withe,  and  the  branch  from  which  he  had 
taken  it  was  identified ;  finally,  he  indicated  the  rock 
under  which  he  had  hidden  the  collar  and  sleeves  of 
his  shirt,  and  they  were  found  as  he  had  described. 

The  examination  had  now  only  reference  to  the 
antecedents  of  the  accused.  It  was  ascertained  that 
he  had  at  first  been  an  agricultural  laborer,  then  a 
fagot-gatherer  since  the  age  of  fifteen.  In  1815  he 
entered  the  army,  and  was  in  garrison  at  Soissons. 


LEGER.  If 

On  the  return  of  the  Bonrbons  he  had  resumed  his 
former  labors.  From  his  youth  he  had  been  morose 
and  sombre,  habitually  seeking  solitude,  and  avoid- 
ing the  society  of  women  and  of  young  men  of  his 
own  age. 

From  the  moment  of  making  his  confession,  Leger 
preserved  the  most  astonishing  degree  of  sangfroid. 
To  all  the  questions  concerning  his  crime,  his  only 
answer  was  "  Yes,"  pronounced  with  entire  indiffer- 
ence. Leger  was  sent  before  the  Court  of  Assizes  of 
Versailles,  where  he  appeared  on  the  23d  of  Novem- 
ber, 1824,  accused,  first,  of  robbery,  attended  with 
breaking  open  ;  second,  of  attentat  a  la  pudeur,  per- 
petrated with  violence ;  third,  of  voluntary  homicide, 
committed  with  premeditation  and  lying  in  wait. 

The  accused  was  dressed  in  the  ordinary  garb  of 
a  peasant.  His  long  hair,  his  unshaven  face,  his 
swarthy  visage,  gave  to  his  countenance  an  expression 
at  once  of  stupidity  and  gentleness.  His  eyes  were 
dow/ncast;  his  expression  fixed.  He  preserved  the 
most  profound  impassibility,  and  an  air  of  gayety, 
even  of  satisfaction,  appeared  on  his  face. 

During  the  reading  of  the  act  of  accusation,  Leger 
maintained  the  most  imperturbable  tranquillity  ; 
though,  from  time  to  time,  he  glanced  at  the  clothes 
of  his  victim,  the  oaken  withe,  and  the  knife  which 
had  served  him  in  his  murderous  crime,  and  which 


18  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

lay  on  a  table  near  him.  From  the  details  of  the 
examination  of  the  prisoner  conducted  by  the  presi- 
dent of  the  court,  1  select  such  portions  as  bear  with 
any  force  on  the  main  features  of  the  case. 

Question. — Why  did  you  leave  your  parents  ? 

Answer. — Because  I  was  sick ;  I  had  a  cold^  and 
I  was  affected  with  stone. 

In  regard  to  this  latter  disease,  the  president  re- 
marked that  the  physicians  had  not  discovered  any 
symptoms  of  its  existence.  . 

Q. — On  what  did  you  live  during  the  fifteen  days 
you  passed  in  the  woods  of  Ferte  Aleps  ? 

A. — On  all  sorts  of  roots ;  on  wild-sorrel,  on  wild- 
cherries  and  currants. 

Q. — On  the  10th  of  August,  you  forced  an  en- 
trance into  a  garden  at  Itteville,  from  which  you 
stole  some  artichokes  \ 

A. — I  also  took  some  onions,  and  some  ears  of 
wheat. 

^ —What  did  you  drink  ? 

A. — Water,  which  I  collected  from  the  holes  in 
the  rocks  ? 

Q. — Did  you  not  often  conceive  the  idea  of  car- 
rying a  woman  to  the  cave  ? 

A. — I  had  the  idea,  but  I  did  not  do  it.  Despair 
led  me  to  take  up  my  abode  there ;  my  mind  was  gone. 
I  had  desires,  but  I  did  not  wish  to  gratify  them. 


LEGER.  19 

Q. — You  have  stated  in  your  preliminary  ex- 
amination that  you  feared  the  resistance  of  an  adult 
woman.  Did  you  also  fear  that  her  cries  would  at- 
tract the  attention  of  the  passers-by  ? 

A. — Yes,  sir. 

Q. — At  what  o'clock  did  you  go  out  of  your  cave, 
on  the  10th  of  August  ? 

A. — I  was  not  regular  in  the  hour  of  going  out. 
About  half-past  three. 

Q. — What  did  you  do  that  day  at  about  four 
o'clock  ? 

A. — I  went  to  get  some  apples.  I  saw,  at  the 
end  of  the  wood,  a  little  girl  who  was  seated  on  the 
ground  with  her  back  turned  toward  me ;  I  determined 
to  carry  her  off;  I  wound  my  handkerchief  around 
her  neck  and  threw  her  on  my  back;  she  only  ut- 
tered a  slight  cry ;  I  went  through  the  wood  to  the 
place  I  have  shown  ;  I  was  thirsty,  hungry,  and  hot ; 
I  waited  perhaps  half  an  hour  unconscious  ;  then  my 
thirst  and  hunger  overcame  me,  and  I  proceeded  to 
devour  her. 

Q.— In  what  state  then  was  the  girl  ? 

A. — Motionless ;  she  was  dead.  I  only  tried  to 
eat  her ;  that  is  all. 

The  president  admonished  the  prisoner  to  speak 
the  truth.  Leger,  however,  denied  all  facts  touching 


20  INSANITY  IN  ITS   RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

the  condition  of  the  body,  though  he  had  confessed 
them  in  the  preliminary  examination. 

The  president  then  read  the  previous  answers. 
"  The  blood  had  poured  forth.  He  had  quenched 
his  thirst  with  it.  '  Urged  by  the  evil  spirit  which 
governed  me,  I  drank  the  blood  from  her  heart.'  " 

To  this  the  prisoner  replied  that  he  had  said 
nothing  of  all  that,  and  that  the  judges  had  written 
what  they  pleaded. 

The  president  observed  that  this  was  the  first 
time  he  had  pretended  to  be  sick  when  he  threw  the 
young  girl  on  the  ground,  and  that  as  to  the  violation 
of  the  body,  the  physicians  had  very  clearly  estab- 
lished the  fact. 

Q. — What  did  you  do  with  the  remains  of  the 
body? 

A. — I  buried  them  at  the  end  of  the  cave,  and  I 
closed  the  entrance  with  weeds  and  all  sorts  of  things ; 
then  I  went  away,  because  the  birds  came  and  croaked 
at  me. 

$._What  kind  of  birds  ? 

A. — Crows.  I  thought  they  came  to  seize  me, 
because  they  croaked  at  me. 

Q. — You  were  then  agitated  by  fear.  You  felt 
that  you  had  done  wrong  ? 

A. — Yes;  when  I  recovered  my  consciousness  I* 
went  and  hid  myself  in  the  rocks  and  could  not  sleep ; 


LtiGER.  21 

I  had  not  my  mind  about  me ;  the  next  day  I  walked 
to  the  fields  beyond  the  hills  ;  I  washed  myself  with 
water  which  I  found  on  the  rocks,  and  I  also  washed 
my  shirt ;  I  cut  off  the  collar  and  the  sleeves,  which 
were  bloody ;  there  I  met  one  of  the  guard  and  I  fled ; 
when  I  saw  any  person  I  hid  myself ;  the  guard  cried, 
"  Halt  in  the  name  of  the  king  ! "  and  I  was  at  once 
arrested. 

Q. — What  do  you  wish  to  say  about  the  young 
Debully  ? 

A. — I  was  unconscious  ;  I  was  urged  by  the  evil 
spirit. 

The  president  then  directed  the  shirt  taken  from 
the  accused  to  be  shown  to  him.  The  sight  did  not 
in  the  least  disturb  him ;  he  continued  to  preserve 
the  same  smile  on  his  lips,  and  the  same  expression 
of  calm  pleasure  which  he  had  exhibited  from  the 
beginning  of  the  trial. 

On  hearing  the  testimony  of  the  father  and 
mother,  and  asked  what  he  had  to  say,  he  uttered  a 
few  words  of  regret  and  shed  a  few  tears. 

Dr.  Ballert,  one  of  the  physicians  who  had  made 
the  post-mortem  examination  of  the  deceased,  declared 
that  death  had  been  produced  by  asphyxia  resulting 
from  strangulation  or  smothering.  The  incisions  in 
the  body  appeared  to  have  been  made  before  death, 
and  the  attentat  a  la  pudeur  consummated  before  life 


22  INSANITY  IN  ITS   RELATIONS   TO  CRIME. 

was  extinct.  The  doctor  further  testified  that  he 
had  confronted  the  prisoner  with  the  corpse,  and  that 
at  first  Leger  denied  that  he  was  the  assassin,  but 
that  his  countenance  belied  his  words.  "  Wretch," 
exclaimed  the  doctor,  u  you  have  eaten  the  heart  of 
this  unfortunate  child  ? "  "  Yes,  I  have  eaten  it,"  an- 
swered Leger,  trembling,  "  but  I  did  not  eat  it  all." 
He  added  that  the  child  was  quite  dead.  He  con- 
tinued to  deny  the  attentat  a  la  pudeur. 

Some  other  less  important  evidence  was  given, 
and  then  the  counsel  began  to.  address  the  jury. 

The  procureur  du  roi  (an  officer  corresponding 
to  our  district  attorney)  stated  the  facts  contained 
in  the  indictment.  After  reminding  the  jury  that 
the  accused  had  confessed  his  crime,  he  contended 
that  there  could  have  been  no  unconsciousness  of  the 
nature  of  the  deed  committed.  That  of  this  fact  the 
prisoner  himself  had  furnished  the  proofs  by  the 
precautions  he  had  taken  to  efface  all  traces  of  his 
act ;  by  the  horror  which  the  recollection  of  it  had 
excited  in  him;  by  the  inability  to  sleep,  and  the 
remorse  which  had  filled  him.  "An  insane  man," 
said  the  procureur,  "  would  have  slept  near  his  vic- 
tim, but  Leger  was  forced  to  fly,  and  it  had  even 
seemed  to  him  that  the  birds  came  to  reproach  him 
with  his  cruelty." 

M.  Benoit,  who  appeared  for  the  prisoner,  after 


LEGER.  23 

saying  that  reason  refused  to  believe  in  the  existence 
of  such  a  crime  committed  by  a  man  in  the  exercise 
of  his  intellectual  faculties,  endeavored  to  convince 
the  jury  that  Leger  was  certainly  insane.  His  habits, 
his  conduct,  his  sudden  flight  from  the  house  of  his 
parents,  the  kind  of  life  to  which  he  had  condemned 
himself,  all  evidently  demonstrated  the  absence  of 
reason  in  the  assassin.  The  counsel  insisted  that 
the  question  of  mental  alienation  should  be  em- 
braced among  the  propositions  submitted  to  the 
jury. 

The  president,  in  his  charge,  cited  the  points  of 
evidence  produced  by  the  prosecution,  and  the  ex- 
tenuating circumstances  alleged  on  the  part  of  the 
defense. 

The  jury,  after  deliberating  an  hour,  returned 
with  a  negative  verdict  in  regard  to  the  proposition 
of  mental  alienation,  and  an  affirmative  of  all  the 
other  questions. 

The  court  then  sentenced  Leger  to  death.  The 
prisoner  heard  his  condemnation  with  the  same-degree 
of  impassibility  which  he  had  shown  during  the 
whole  course  of  the  debate. 

He  was  executed  on  the  1st  of  December,  1824, 
showing  so  much  weakness  during  his  last  moments 
that  he  had  literally  to  be  carried  to  the  scaffold. 

A  special   study  of  this,  remarkable   case  was 


24  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

made  by  Georget,1  and  the  conclusion  arrived  at  by 
this  eminent  alienist  that  Leger  was  insane.  His 
melancholic  disposition,  his  sudden  and  unreasonable 
flight  from  his  home,  the  depravation  of  his  appetites, 
the  horrible  and  sudden  perversion  of  his  moral 
sense,  were  entirely  characteristic  of  mental  aliena- 
tion. The  autopsy  was  made  by  Esquirol  and  Gall, 
in  presence  of  several  other  physicians,  and  indubi- 
table evidence  of  brain-disease  was  discovered.  In 
several  places  the  membranes  were  adherent  to  the 
cerebral  substance,  and  to-  each  other. 

JOBARD.2 

On  the  evening  of  the  15th  of  September,  1851, 
the  drama  entitled  "  Adrienne  Lecouvreur  "  was  being 
acted  at  the  Theatre  of  the  Celestins,  in  Lyons.  It 
was  about  half-past  eight  o'clock,  and  the  curtain 
had  risen  on  the  second  act  of  the  play,  when  a  hor- 
rible event  occurred,  which  threw  actors  and  audi- 
ence into  a  state  of  confusion  and  fright.  A  young 
lady  had  been  stabbed  to  the  heart  by  a  man  who 
sat  immediately  b'ehind  her.  Uttering  a  cry,  she 
drew  the  "dagger  from  her  breast  and  fell,  lifeless  and 
covered  with  blood,  into  the  arms  of  a  lady  near  her. 

1  "  Examen  des  Proems  Criminels  de  Leger,  Lecouffe,  Feldtinann  et 
Papavoine  dans  lesquels  1' Alienation  mentale  a  ete  mvoquee  comme 
moyen  de  defense."    Paris,  1825. 

2  "  Causes  Oelebres,"  loc.  cit. 


JOBARD.  25 

The  man  who  had  killed  her  remained  standing 
erect,  his  arms  crossed  on  his  chest,  and  his  manner 
perfectly  impassible.  The  husband  of  the  young 
lady,  ignorant  of  the  fatal  nature  of  the  wound  his 
wife  had  received,  seized  the  assassin.  "  What  have 
we  done  to  you,"  he  exclaimed,  "  that  you  should 
commit  this  outrage  ?  "  "  Nothing,"  answered  the 
man ;  "  I  do  not  even  know  you  ;  I  am  a  miserable 
wretch — do  with  me  what  you  please ;  I  do  not  wish 
to  escape."  He  was  at  once  arrested,  and,  without 
opposing  the  least  resistance,  was  conducted  to  the 
nearest  police-station. 

The  young  lady  thus  murdered  had  only  been 
married  a  few  months,  and  was  visiting  Lyons  with 
her  husband,  a  professor  in  a  college  at  Limoges. 

The  murderer  was  named  Antoine  Ernanuel  Jo- 
bard,  and  was  a  clerk  in  a  mercantile  establishment 
at  Dijon.  He  was  but  twenty  years  old.  His  par- 
entage was  respectable,  and  his  education  had  been 
well  cared  for.  During  the  four  years  he  had  lived 
at  Dijon  he  had,  to  all  appearances,  conducted  him- 
self well.  His  conduct,  nevertheless,  had  not  in  re- 
ality been  so  exemplary  as  it  had  seemed  to  be. 

Soon  after  his  arrest,  Jobard  was  visited  by  the 
magistrate,  who  interrogated  him  minutely  in  regard 
to  all  the  circumstances  in  any  way  connected  with 
the  crime.  To  all  questions  he  replied  calmly  and 


26  INSANITY  IN  ITS  KELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

respectfully,  without  evincing  the  least  emotion.  As 
he  declared  in  the  first  instance,  he  did  not  even 
know  his  victim ;  seated  behind  her  for  an  instant 
only,  he  had  not  seen  her  face.  He  had  only  per- 
ceived that  she  wore  a  gray  silk  dress,  and  he  had 
looked  at  her  no  longer  than  was  sufficient  for  him 
to  determine  where  to  strike.  "  I  have  killed  her  to 
be  killed  in  return ; "  he  repeated  many  times — "  to  be 
killed  after  I  have  had  sufficient  time  for  repentance. 

"  In  the  midst  of  the  pious  family  in  which  I 
lived,"  he  continued,  "  I  observed  all  the  outward 
ordinances  of  religion,  but  I  was  at  heart  a  hypo- 
crite. I  led  an  abandoned  and  depraved  life,  and 
yet  I  deceived  everybody  by  my  apparent  devout- 
ness.  I  became  disgusted  with  myself,  but  had  not 
the  strength  to  abstain  from  the  shameful  vices  that 
enslaved  me.  Not  being  able  to  change  my  conduct, 
I  resolved  to  get  rid  of  my  life.  I  could  not  think 
of  suicide,  for  that  crime  would  have  resulted  in  my 
appearing  before  God  loaded  with  sins.  I  therefore 
determined  to  do  something  which  would  cause  me 
to  be  condemned  to  death  by  the  law.  I  would  thus 
have  a  sufficient  time  for  repentance,  and  I  was  satis- 
fied that  I  would  also  obtain  pardon  of  God  for  all 
my  offences." 

He  then  went  on  to  state  that  he  had  endeavored 
to  do  as  little  harm  as  possible  in  obtaining  his  end. 


JOBARD.  27 

He  had  not  killed  a  depraved  person,  because  that 
would  have  sent  one  unprepared  for  death  into  the 
presence  of  God.  He  had  thought  of  killing  a  priest 
just  after  he  had  celebrated  mass.  Accident  had  led 
him  to  Lyons  and  to  the  theatre.  Here  the  victim 
and  the  opportunity  were  at  once  offered  him. 

When  asked  if  he  fully  comprehended  the  enor- 
mity of  his  crime,  he  replied  that  he  did,  but  that  he 
intended  to  repent. 

During  the  whole  course  of  Jobard's  interrogation 
he  remained  perfectly  calm  and  apparently  emotion- 
less ;  his  pulse  was  not  accelerated  above  the  normal 
standard — beating  with  regularity  sixty-six  times  a 
minute ;  his  answers  were  given  with  deliberation 
and  exactness. 

The  following  day  he  was  confronted  with  the 
corpse  of  the  murdered  woman.  On  his  way  to  the 
hotel  he  expressed  his  disinclination  for  this  cere- 
mony, declaring  that  it  was  useless,  as  he  would  not 
be  able  to  recognize  her.  In  going  up  the  stairs  his 
legs  gave  way  under  him;  he  trembled  in  every 
muscle,  and  a  cold  sweat  broke  out  on  his  body. 
Brought  face  to  face  with  the  corpse,  he  exclaimed 
that  he  did  not  recollect  the  face ;  he  only  knew  that 
the  wound  was  where  he  intended  to  make  it.  At 
the  same  time  his  countenance  expressed  horror  and 
fright,  and  he  fell  to  the  floor  weeping,  and  in  a  state 


28  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

of  extreme  prostration.  His  pulse  was  feeble,  inter- 
mittent, and  beating  sixty-eight  times  a  minute. 

It  is  interesting  to  study  the  thoughts  of  a  per- 
son situated  as  was  this  young  man,  who,  being  ap- 
parently rational  on  all  other  subjects,  felt  himself 
impelled  by  a  power,  in  regard  to  one,  which  he  was 
unable  to  resist.  The  report  given  in  the  "  Causes 
Celebres "  is  full,  and  the  custom  which  prevails  in 
France  of  frequently  interrogating  a  criminal,  what- 
ever its  value  in  jurisprudence,  is  certainly  capable 
of  yielding  fruitful  results  to  mental  science. 

Now,  Jobard  begins  the  record  of  his  mental  ab- 
erration with  the  statement  that  he  had  contracted 
many  grave  vices  from  which  he  was  powerless  to 
abstain.  He  assumes  the  impossibility  of  reform, 
and  at  the  same  time  is  conscious  that  he  must  arrest 
his  course  of  depravity.  Clearly,  if  these  premises 
are  correct,  there  is  but  one  alternative  left,  and  that 
is  death.  He  declares  this  with  perfect  distinctness ; 
the  force  of  it  overpowers  him ;  he  constantly  re- 
grets the  necessity,  but  his  determination  does  not 
waver.  At  first  he  thinks  of  suicide,  but  he  soon 
rejects  this,  for,  although  he  might  repent  of  all  his 
other  sins,  the  act  of  self-destruction  is  a  crime  of  so 
much  magnitude  as  to  condemn  his  soul  to  everlast- 
ing punishment,  and  from  this  sin  he  would  have  no 
time  to  repent. 


JOBARD.  29 

Then  the  idea  that  he  must  commit  an  act  which 
would  forfeit  his  life  to  the  state  took  possession  of 
his  mind.  For  then,  no  matter  what  the  crime,  he 
would  have  ample  opportunity  between  the  period 
of  its  commission  and  his  execution  to  make  his 
peace  with  God.  During  six  months  he  thought  al- 
most continually  of  this  subject,  and  the  necessity 
became  daily  more  apparent.  He  must  die,  and  he 
must  kill  some  one  in  order  to  die  with  safety  to  his 
soul.  "  I  wish,"  he  exclaimed,  during  one  of  his  in- 
terrogations, "  that  I  could  have  been  condemned  to 
death  for  some  trifling  offence.  I  regret  having  been 
obliged  to  commit  murder.  It  was,  however,  neces- 
sary. I  regret  this  necessity." 

On  the  18th  of  September  he  was  again  interro- 
gated. He  then  declared  that  he  had  always  under- 
stood that  his  crime  was  one  for  which  he  was  re- 
sponsible both  to  God  and  man.  "  But,"  he  add- 
ed, "  my  character  was  weak,  impressionable,  and 
changeable.  When  I  prayed,  I  prayed  like  a  saint ; 
an  instant  afterward  sin  claimed  me,  and  I  delivered 
myself  without  resistance  to  my  false  ideas.  As  to 
the  liberty  of  acting  freely,  I  was  free  certainly,  and 
I  would  have  stopped  had  I  been  able  to  comprehend 
the  falsity  of  my  reasoning.  My  action  was  crimi- 
nal, I  know,  and  I  went  on  toward  it  without  re- 
flection. If  I  could  have  thought  correctly,  if  I  could 


30  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS   TO   CRIME. 

have  confided  my  thoughts  to  some  one  and  been 
advised,  I  would  never  have  committed  the  deed." 
Then  he  added :  "The  course  of  my  ideas  is  very 
different  to-day  from  what  it  was  yesterday.  To-day, 
if  I  could  go  back,  I  would  not  do  what  I  have  done ; 
I  begin  to  see  things  differently." 

One  night,  while  in  prison,  he  had  the  hallucina- 
tion that  his  victim  appeared  to  him.  He  complained 
of  headache,  his  vision  was  confused,  thought  of 
every  kind  gave  him  pain  in  the  head,  and  he  had  a 
profuse  hemorrhage  from  the  nose,  after  which  he 
felt  better. 

Several  physicians  examined  him  before  his  trial, 
and,  as  is  usual  in  every  case  which  admits  of  a  dif- 
ference of  judgment,  and  as  always  will  be  till  hu- 
man reason  becomes  infallible,  different  opinions 
were  formed  of  his  mental  condition. 

Thus,  one  of  the  physicians,  M.  Magaud,  saw  in 
Jobard  a  man  led  away  by  a  violent  passion  which 
he  had  allowed  to  assume  a  governing  influence  over 
his  mind,  but  which  at  one  time  certainly  he  might 
have  controlled ;  a  man,  moreover,  who  had  had  a 
clear  idea  of  his  responsibility,  and  who  had  pre- 
pared with  intelligence  and  with  great  firmness  of 
will  all  the  details  of  his  criminal  scheme. 

The  others,  MM.  Gromier  and  Ta vernier,  arrived 
at  an  entirely  opposite  conclusion.  Taking  into  con- 


JOBARD.  31 

sideration  the  antecedents  of  Jobard's  life,  the  cir- 
cumstances attending  the  commission  of  the  murder, 
his  subsequent  conduct,  and  the  physical  and  mental 
phenomena  exhibited  by  him  while  in  confinement, 
they  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  act  was  commit- 
ted while  he  was  suffering  from  an  attack  of  homi- 
cidal and  suicidal  mania,  and  that  he  ought  not  to 
be  held  accountable  for  a  violation  of  law  perpe- 
trated without  the  influence  of  his  natural  will. 

Dissatisfied  with  these  contradictory  views,  the 
Government  commissioned  Dr.  Gensoul  to  examine 
the  prisoner,  and  he  coincided  with  MM.  Gromier 
and  Ta vernier. 

The  conclusions  of  these  three  physicians  were  : 
1.  That  at  the  moment  of  committing  the  murder 
Jobard  was  suffering  from  a  paroxysm  of  homicidal 
mania.  2.  That  he  ought  not  to  be  considered  re- 
sponsible for  an  act  done  without  the  participation 
of  his  normal  will.  3.  But,  as  this  kind  of  insanity 
is  dangerous  to  society,  society  has  the  right  to  put 
Jobard  in  such  a  position  as  will  render  it  impossi- 
ble for  him  to  do  further  harm,  and  that  therefore 
he  should  be  placed  for  life  in  a  lunatic  asylum. 

Nevertheless,  Jobard  was  indicted  and  tried  for 
murder  with  premeditation. 

The  trial  was  long,  and  several  medical  witnesses, 
including  those  mentioned,  appeared  for  one  side  or 


32  INSANITY  IN  ITS  KELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

the  other.  The  jury,  after  an  absence  of  only  ten 
minutes,  came  into  court  with  a  verdict  of  guilty  as 
to  the  homicide  and  the  premeditation,  but  with  ex- 
tenuating circumstances.  He  was  then  condemned 
to  imprisonment  for  life  at  hard  labor. 

Considerable  sympathy  was  manifested  for  Jo- 
bard  throughout  France,  and  even  the  Government 
exhibited  an  exceptional  leniency  toward  him.  He 
was  allowed  to  delay  his  departure  for  the  galleys, 
and,  soon  after  his  arrival  at  Toulon,  ostensibly  as  a 
reward  for  good  conduct,  was  permitted  to  open  a 
small  shop,  and  sell  tobacco  and  little  articles  of  va- 
rious kinds  to  the  convicts.  He  remained,  however, 
incapable  of  fixing  his  attention,  and  still  continued 
to  suffer  from  pain  in  the  head.  He  had  no  further 
exacerbation  of  his  malady. 

JULES . 

On  the  10th  of  November,  1854— as  related  by 
M.  Devergie,1  in  a  memoir  read  before  the  Imperial 
Academy  of  Medicine,  at  Paris — a  young  man,  aged 
nineteen,  the  son  of  a  prominent  merchant  of  Bor- 
deaux, dined  with  his  father,  to  whom  he  was  much 
attached,  and  his  step-mother,  whom  he  had  regarded 
with  gradually-increasing  aversion  for  several  years. 

1  "  Oti  finit  la  raison  ?  Oil  commence  la  folie  ?  ".  MSmoires  de  1'Aca- 
demie  Imperiale  de  Medecine,  tome  xxiii.,  p.  1.  Paris,  1859.  See  also 
Psychological  Journal,  No.  xvi.,  p.  533. 


JULES  .  33 

The  dinner  passed  without  any  unusual  incidents 
till  dessert,  when  young  Jules  left  the  table  and  re- 
paired to  the  drawing-room  to  warm  himself.  Not 
finding  a  fire  kindled,  he  went  to  his  own  chamber, 
took  his  fowling-piece,  and  started  out  for  a  stroll 
through  the  country,  as  was  his  custom.  He  had 
not  left  the  house,  however,  before  the  idea  of  sui- 
cide, which  had  haunted  his  mind  for  several  weeks, 
suddenly  recurred  to  him,,  and  was  as  suddenly 
changed  into  the  thought  of  killing  his  step-mother. 

Without  stopping  one  instant,  he  threw  aside  his 
fowling-piece,  and  going  to  his  brother's  room  took 
two  pistols  which  had  been  loaded  three  weeks.  He 
had  pistols  of  his  own  which  he  might  have  taken, 
and  which  had  been  charged  only  the  day  before. 

He  descended  into  the  dining-room,  approached 
his  step-mother*,  who  was  still  at  the  table  with  his 
father,  and,  pointing  a  pistol  at  her  head,  discharged 
it,  with  instantly  fatal  effect. 

Madame  X.  fell  to  the  floor,  and  the  young  man, 
recoiling,  rested  motionless  against  the  wall.  His 
father  rose  to  seize  him,  but,  a  temporary  feeling  of 
self-preservation  being  aroused  in  Jules,  he  fled  across 
the  kitchen,  through  the  midst  of  the  terrified  do- 
mestics, and  escaped  from  the  house,  crying  :  "  I  am 
a  madman,  an  idiot ;  I  have  killed  my  step-mother !  " 

He  soon,  however,  changed  his  mind,  and  sur- 


34  INSANITY   IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

rendered  himself  to  the  commissary  of  police,  to 
•  whom  he  related  all  the  circumstances  of  the  crime. 

Before  and  until  the  murder,  the  life  of  this 
young  man  had  been  exemplary.  He  had  performed 
his  duties  in  the  counting-house  of  his  father  with 
assiduity,  and  was  an  excellent  son  and  brother. 
Though  rich,  he  had  studiously  avoided  dissipation 
of  every  kind. 

Such  were  the  obvious  features  of  the  homicidal 
act.  Jules  was  tried  before  the  Imperial  Court  at 
Pau.  Calmeil,  Tardieu,  and  Devergie,  the  most  emi- 
nent alienists  in  France,  testified  in  favor  of  the  in- 
sanity of  the  prisoner,  and  he  was  acquitted  on  that 
ground. 

But  it  was  mainly  through  the  evidence  of  the 
last  of  the  physicians  named  that  this  result  was 
brought  about.  Instead  of.  confining  his  testimony 
to  abstract  theories,  Devergie  dwelt  at  length  upon 
the  concomitant  circumstances  of  the  homicide,  the 
antecedents  of  the  accused,  his  several  characteris- 
tics, and  his  conduct  subsequent  to  the  deed.  From 
the  inquiries  which  he  made  he  ascertained  that  the 
young  man  had  among  his  ancestors  a  maternal 
uncle  who  had  a  propensity  to  suicide,  and  who  died 
insane ;  another  maternal  relative  who  had  all  his 
life  been  eccentric,  and  a  paternal  aunt  who  had  act- 
ually killed  herself. 


JULES .  35 

It  was  also  developed  that  the  accused  had  al- 
ways been  subject  to  motiveless  outbursts  of  pas- 
sion. One  day  he  struck  a  servant  with  his  whip 
for  not  being  sufficiently  active  in  obeying  an  order, 
and  another  day  he  became  furiously  angry  because 
he  could  not  at  once  enter  a  room  where  his  step- 
mother was  taking  a  bath.  "  When  he  became  very 
angry,"  said  one  of  the  witnesses,  "  he  always  seized 
upon  something  or  some  one." 

He  had  also  been  contemplating  suicide,  and,  a 
month  before  the  offence,  had  given  his  views  at 
length  upon  the  subject  to  Dr.  Burnet.  He  was  taci- 
turn in  disposition,  and  avoided  the  companionship 
of  young  men  of  his  own  age. 

In  his  own  account  of  the  act,  he  said : 

"  When  I  ascended  to  my  room  on  the  day  of  the 
crime,  I  was  not  thinking  of  any  thing.  I  should 
not  have  gone  up-stairs  if  I  had  found  a  fire  in  the 
drawing-room.  When  I  reached  my  room,  having 
no  evil  intentions,  the  notion  of  suicide  possessed 
me ;  then,  my  thoughts  taking  another  direction,  I 
threw  aside  my  fowling-piece,  ran  to  my  brother's 
chamber,  armed  myself  with  two  pistols,  and  went 
back  to  the  drawing-room,  actuated  by  I  know  not 
what  force  which  dragged  me,  and  in  spite  of  myself 
If  my  father  had  addressed  to  me  one  word  when  I 
entered  the  drawing-room^  a  single  word,  whatever  it 


36  INSANITY  IN  ITS   RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

might  have  been,  I  should  not  have  killed  my  step- 
mother? 

The  circumstances  of  the  act,  it  having  been  com- 
mitted in  broad  daylight  in  presence  of  his  father, 
and  the  fact  of  his  having  delivered  himself  up  to 
justice,  were  also  adduced  as  tending  to  show  an  ab- 
sence of  criminality. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  was  the  hatred  he  was 
known  to  have  entertained  for  his  step-mother ;  and 
this  was  argued  by  the  prosecution  as  a  proof  that 
the  act  was  premeditated  and  malicious. 

As  I  have  said,  the  prisoner  was  acquitted,  but 
public  opinion  was  very  much  against  him,  so  much 
so  that  he  left  France  and  went  to  reside  in  Belgium. 
As  is  usual  in  such  cases,  the  press,  conducted  as  it 
too  frequently  is  by  irresponsible  persons,  ignorant 
of  the  first  principles  of  mental  science,  raised  a  furi- 
ous outcry  against  the  medical  experts.  They  were 
accused  of  having  been  actuated  by  mercenary  mo- 
tives, and  of  having  let  loose  upon  society  a  monster 
of  iniquity,  whose  crime  should  have  been  expiated 
on  the  guillotine.  They  had  simply  expounded  the 
sciences  of  mental  physiology  and  pathology  as  they 
understood  them,  but  with  nothing  like  the  certain- 
ty which,  in  our  day,  the  ophthalmoscope,  the  dynam- 
ograph,  and  the  sesthesiometer,  give  to  similar  inves- 
tigations. They  had  arrived  at  their  conclusions 


JULES  .  37 

solely  by  the  observation  of  intellectual  phenomena, 
and  not  by  the  employment  of  physical  means.  One 
great  source  of  positiveness  was,  therefore,  wanting. 

Now  for  the  sequel. 

On  the  1st  of  March,  1859,  M.  Devergie '  an- 
nounced to  the  Academy  that  he  had  within  two 
days  received  a  letter  from  the  brother  of  the  mur- 
dered lady.  Having  indirectly  heard  of  the  memoir 
Devergie  had  read  before  the  Academy,  this  gentle- 
man had  thought  it  his  duty,  in  the  interests  of  sci- 
ence and  truth,  to  announce  the  death  of  Jules,  and 
to  state  under  what  circumstances  this  event  had 
taken  place. 

On  the  29th  of  January,  1859,  over  five  years 
after  the  homicide,  Jules  hastily  quitted  Brussels, 
where  he  had  lived  in  great  retirement,  abandoned 
his  furniture  and  all  he  possessed,  and  reentered 
France  with  nothing  but  his  personal  attire.  He 
went  to  Bordeaux,  alighted  at  a  hotel  and  passed 
the  night  there,  visiting  neither  his  father  nor  his 
brother,  who  still  lived  in  the  city.  In  the"  morning 
he  purchased  a  brace  of  pistols,  hired  a  cab,  was 
driven,  to  the  cemetery,  and  at  his  request  was  con- 
ducted to  his  step-mother's  tomb.  He  then  sent 
away  his  guide,  knelt  down  on  the  grave,  and,  writ- 

1  "  Bulletin  de  l'Acade"mie  Imp6riale  de  M6decine,"  tome  xxiv., 
1858-'59,  p.  566. 


38  INSANITY   IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

ing  several  sentences  in  his  memorandum-book,  laid 
this  on  the  monument,  and  then  with  one  of  his  pis- 
tols blew  out  his  brains.  Among  the  sentences 
traced  in  his  memorandum-book  was  this  :  "  I  wish 
to  die  upon  the  tomb  of  her  whom  I  have  so  much 
loved  and  regretted." 

"  How,"  asks  Devergie,  "  shall  we  reconcile  this 
assertion,  made  at  the  moment  of  committing  sui- 
cide, with  the  opinion  entertained  by  some,  that  the 
cause  of  the  murder  was  the  deep  aversion  that  the 
young  man  had  nourished  toward  his  step-mother 
during  ten  years  ? 

"  Evidently  the  language,  as  well  as  the  termina- 
tion of  his  life  by  suicide,  is  the  work  of  a  lunatic. 
Not  the  slightest  doubt  can  now  be  felt  even  by  the 
most  prejudiced  concerning  the  correctness  of  the  de- 
cision, and  the  scientific  foresight  which  led  to  that 
judgment." 

In  the  debate  that  followed,  M.  Ferrus  (eminent 
for  his  knowledge  of  medico-legal  matters)  remarked 
that  it  was  very  well  that  the  young  man  had  been 
acquitted,  but  he  was  affected  with  the  worst  form 
of  mental  alienation,  and  it  was  therefore  a  surpris- 
ing circumstance  that  he  should  have  been  immedi- 
ately set  at  liberty.  Why,  asked  M.  Ferrus,  had  he 
not  been  confined  in  a  lunatic  asylum  ? 

M.   Devergie    replied    that   the  matter  was   as 


JULES  .  39 

great  a  surprise  to  him  as  to  M.  Ferrus,  for  that  all 
the  experts  had  insisted  on  the  necessity  of  removing 
the  young  man  from  society,  as  at  any  moment  he 
might  commit  another  act  of  insanity. 


n. 
OOMMENTAKY. 

I  HAVE  selected  the  foregoing  cases  from  the  ju- 
risprudence of  a  foreign  country,  in  order  that  entire 
absence  of  all  disturbing  factors  might  be  secured. 
They  are  perhaps  as  typical  as  any  to  be  found  in 
the  whole  range  of  insanity,  in  its  medico-legal  rela- 
tions to  crime.  In  each  of  them  the  plea  of  insanity 
was  alleged  in  behalf  of  the  accused.  In  the  case  of 
Leger  it  was  entirely  ignored  by  the  jury,  and  he  was 
promptly  executed,  to  the  general  satisfaction  of  the 
nation.  In  the  case  of  Jobard  it  was  partially  enter- 
tained, and  he  was  found  guilty,  "  with  extenuating 
circumstances  " — a  verdict  which  in  France  saves  the 
life  of  the  prisoner.  In  that  of  Jules  the  theory  of 
mental  alienation  was  fully  adopted  by  the  jury,  and 
the  accused  was  set  at  liberty.  It  requires  no  very 
minute  consideration  of  these  cases  to  arrive  at  the 
conclusion  that  the  action  was  not  right  in  all.  Cer- 
tainly L6ger  was  as  insane  as  either  Jobard  or  Jules, 
and  yet  he  was  executed.  Certainly  Jules  was  as  re- 


WHAT   CONSTITUTES  A  CRIME?  41 

sponsible  as  either  Le*ger  or  Jobard,  and  he  was  ac- 
quitted. Certainly  Jobard  was  no  more  insane  than 
Leger,  nor  more  responsible  than  Jules,  and  yet  he 
was  sent  to  the  galleys  for  life.  Such  inconsistencies 
show  the  great  need  of  a  fixed  and  definite  principle 
by  which  all  juries  should  be  governed,  and  this  is, 
I  think,  no  difficult  matter  to  establish. 

At  the  very  outset  of  an  inquiry  like  the  present, 
we  are  met  by  the  question,  What  constitutes  a 
crime  ?  Many  psychologists,  and  not  a  few  jurists, 
declare  that  the  essence  of  a  criminal  act  resides  in 
the  intention,  and  in  fact  the  law  itself,  as  interpreted 
by  many  able  courts,  has  frequently  declared  that, 
where  there  is  no  intention  to  commit  a  criminal 
offence,  no  such  offence  has  been  committed.  But 
there  is  great  danger  in  admitting  such  a  construc- 
tion, for,  in  doing  so,  we  place  ourselves  at  the  mercy 
of  any  individual  who  with  strong  reformatory  ideas, 
which  he  may  think  it  his  duty  to  carry  out,  stops  at 
nothing  in  the  way  of  his  good  intentions.  Bec- 
caria,1  that  most  humane  philosopher,  who  cannot 
be  accused  of  .undue  severity  toward  those  accused 
of  crime,  points  this  out  very  clearly,  when  he  says : 

"  They  err,  therefore,  who  imagine  that  a  crime  is 

1 "  An  Essay  on  Crimes  and  Punishments.  Translated  from  the  Ital- 
ian, with  the  Commentary  by  Voltaire,  translated  from  the  French." 
Fifth  edition,  London,  1801,  p.  25. 


42  INSANITY  IN   ITS   RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

greater  or  less  according  to  the  intention  of  the 
son  bj;  whom  it  is  committed,  for  this  will  depend 
on  the  actual  impression  of  objects,  on  the  senses, 
and  on  the  previous  disposition  of  the  mind ;  both 
will  vary  in  different  persons  at  different  times,  ac- 
cording to  the  succession  of  ideas,  passions,  and  cir- 
cumstances. Upon  that  system  it  would  be  neces- 
sary to  frame  not  only  a  particular  code  for  every  in- 
dividual, but  a  new  penal  law  for  every  crime.  Men 
often  with  the  best  intention  do  the  greatest  injury 
to  society,  and  with  the  worst  do  it  the  most,  essen- 
tial services." 

That,  on  the  plea  of  rectitude  of  intention,  the 
most  outrageous  crimes  against  society  may  be  justi- 
fied, is  evident  when  we  recall  to  mind  the  practices 
of  our  ancestors  as  regarded  heretics,  witches,  and 
sorcerers,  whom  they  burnt  at  the  stake  with  a  puri- 
ty of  intention  truly  angelic.  Clearly  intention  can- 
not constitute  the  essential  feature  of  crime,  for  the 
best  men  are  liable  to  err,  and  a  mistake  is  frequently 
more  productive  of  evil  results  than  a  deliberate 
crime.  It  is  punished,  often  too,  with  far  greater 
severity  than  a  premeditated  legal  offence — both  by 
law  and  by  society  outside  of  the  law.  Let  a  cap- 
tain of  an  ocean-steamer  make  a  mistake  in  his  reck- 
oning, and  lose  his  ship  on  the  rocks,  and  it  would 
have  been  better  for  him  that  the  sea  had  engulfed 


SIN  AND   CRIME  NOT   IDENTICAL.  43 

him,  than  that  he  should  have  lived  to  tell  the  story 
of  his  mistakes  and  good  intentions. 

We  are  all  likewise  more  or  less  apt  to  regard 
ourselves  as  being  right,  and  the  rest  of  the  world 
wrong.  So  long  as  we  hold  this  view  without  inter- 
fering with  others,  we  only  injure  ourselves,  and 
perhaps  get  laughed  at  for  our  egotism  by  others 
who  are  fully  as  egotistic.  But,  if  we  attempt  to 
carry  out  our  ideas  to  the  detriment  of  society,  the 
strong  arm  of  the  law,  however  worthy  our  inten- 
tions may  be,  should  obviously  be  interposed  for  our 
repression. 

Besides,  the  nature  of  crime  should  be  so  clearly 
defined  that  error  in  regard  to  its  existence  or  extent 
should  be  impossible.  If  it  is  made  to  consist  in  the 
intention,  there  can  rarely  be  any  certainty  on  these 
points,  for  a  shrewd  person  may  so  cleverly  conceal 
his  real  purpose  as  to  make  discovery  out  of  the 
question.  Morally,  as  between  man  and  God,  the 
intention  constitutes  the  sin,  but  society  cannot  look 
upon  sin  and  crime  as  altogether  identical,  and  it  has 
not  the  infallible  corrective  of  omniscience  which 
constitutes  so  prominent  a  faculty  of  the  Deity. 

In  former  times,  however,  some  such  rule  as  this 
prevailed  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  it  was  no  un- 
common event  for  the  Bible  to  be  brought  into  court, 
and  its  precepts  enforced  by  civil  process.  Charle- 


44  INSANITY  IN  ITS   RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

magne  ordered  that  all  those  who  infringed  the  law 
of  the  Church  in  regard  to  fasting  in  Lent  should  be 
put  to  death ;  and  in  Poland  those  who  violated  the 
rules  of  abstinence  prescribed  by  the  Church  had 
their  teeth  taken  out.1  Louis  le  Debonnaire  of  France 
decreed  that  all  the  orders  of  the  Church  should  be 
sustained  by  the  civil  law  throughout  the  whole  em- 
pire.9 The  eating  of  meat  on  Friday  was,  therefore, 
not  only  a  sin,  but  was  made  a  crime. 

The  absence  of  intention  may  only  properly  be 
urged  as  regards  the  actual  perpetration  of  the  act. 
Thus,  a  person  who  aims  a  gun  at  a  bird,  and  kills  a 
man  concealed  in  the  shrubbery,  is  guilty  of  no  crime 
whatever,  because  there  was  no  intention  to  kill  the 
man.  Such  unintentional  acts  may  be  committed  by 
the  insane  as  well  as  the  sane. 

Neither  is  the  existence  or  extent  of  a  crime  to 
be  determined  by  the  position  in  society  of  the  indi- 
vidual injured  in  life,  person,  or  property.  Before 
the  law  all  should  stand  alike.  To  rob  the  chief- 
justice  is  no  greater  crime  against  society  than  to 
steal  forcibly  from  the  humblest  citizen. 

It  seems  clear,  then,  that,  as  Beacaria  8  asserts, 

1  "  Observations  on  the  Influence  of  Religion  upon  the  Health  and 
Physical  Welfare  of  Mankind."    By  Amariah  Brigham,  M.  D.,  Boston, 
1835,  p.  103. 

2  "  Supplices  Prisons  et  Grace  en  France  d'apres  des  texts  inedits." 
Par  Charles  Desmaze  ;  Paris,  1866,  p.  23. 

8  Op.  cit.,  p.  25. 


LAW  AND  JUSTICE.  4.5 

"  crimes  are  only  to  be  measured  by  the  injury  done 
to  society."  Crimes  of  the  highest  degree  being 
those  which  immediately  tend  to  the  dissolution  of 
society,  and  of  the  lowest  degree  those  which  consist 
of  the  smallest  possible  injustice  done  to  a  private 
member.  Law  being  only  a  set  of  rules  and  regula- 
tions by  which  society  agrees  to  be  governed  for  its 
convenience  and  protection,  and  there  being  no  other 
guide  as  to  the  restraints  and  obligations  of  the  in- 
dividual members  of  society,  it  follows  that  a  crime 
consists  wholly  and  exclusively  of  a  violation  of 
law.  Any  act  not  expressly  prohibited  by  law  is 
legal,  and  cannot  constitute  an  offence  against  socie- 
ty. Experience  may,  however,  demonstrate  that  a 
particular  act  heretofore  allowed  is,  in  reality,  injuri- 
ous to  society,  and  then  a  law  is  enacted  against 
it. 

Laws  do  not  always  rest,  in  fact  cannot  always 
be  based,  upon  the  principles  of  abstract  justice. 
Every  jurist  knows  that  equity  and  law  are  very  dif- 
ferent, and  that  the  one  only  governs  when  the  other 
is  silent.  When  necessity  requires  it,  both  law  and 
equity  are  set  aside,  and  brute  force  takes  their 
place.  This  is  especially  the  case  during  a  state  of 
war,  when  the  public  safety  may  necessitate  the  sus- 
pension of  the  most  sacred  rights  and  privileges  of 
individuals.  " Inter  arma  leges  silent"  is  a  maxim 


46  INSANITY  IN    ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

expressing  as  much  truth  now  as  when  Cicero  first 
gave  utterance  to  the  words. 

It  is  no  valid  argument  against  a  law  simply  to 
demonstrate  its  abstract  injustice.  It  must  be  shown 
to  be  injurious  to  society  in  order  to  be  successfully 
attacked.  What  society  requires  is  protection,  and 
it  has  no  more  business  as  such  with  abstract  justice 
than  it  has  with  any  other  bit  of  philosophy.  Jus- 
tice is  to  be  enforced  by  law  between  man  and  man, 
not  between  society  and  man,  unless  in  entire  consist- 
ence with  the  great  principle  of  protection,  and  in 
complete  subjection  thereto. 

A  law,  therefore,  may  be  unjust  as  regards  an  in- 
dividual or  a  few  individuals,  and  beneficial  to  soci- 
ety at  large :  it  is  then  a  good  law.  It  may  be  just 
to  an  individual,  and  injurious  to  society  at  large :  it 
is  then  a  bad  law.  It  is  doubly  good  when  it  is 
both  just  and  beneficial  to  all.  It  is  doubly  bad 
when  it  is  unjust  and  injurious. 

Such  being  the  nature  of  crime  and  the  scope  of 
law,  it  follows  that  the  object  of  punishment  is  chiefly 
the  safety  of  society.  Another  end,  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  individual  who  has  offended  against  the 
law,  is  usually  lost  sight  of,  even  in  the  most  civil- 
ized communities,  or  else  is  only  feebly  attempted. 
But  it  ought  to  be  more  assiduously  kept  in  view, 
not  only  because  the  offending  individual  has  a  nat- 


OBJECT  OF  PUNISHMENT.  47 

ural  right  to  be  reformed,  but  because  his  reforma- 
tion protects  society,  by  converting  a  law-breaking 
person  into  a  good  citizen.  Still,  it  must  be  con- 
fessed, that  the  paramount  object  of  all  punishment 
is  the  immediate  safety  of  society,  and  that  those  pun- 
ishments are  most  beneficial  which  most  conduce  to 
this  end.  Views  change  from  age  to  age,  and  from 
year  to  year,  relative  to  the  efficacy  of  particular 
punishments,  and  doubtless  still  further  changes  will 
take  place  as  society  becomes  more  experienced.  It 
may,  however,  be  considered  to  be  the  settled  policy 
of  civilized  society  that  punishment  should  be  cer- 
tain, that  it  should  be  proportioned  to  the  offence, 
and  that  it  should  be  of  such  a  character  as  to  se- 
cure the  end  arrived  at,  with  the  least  possible 
bodily  suffering  to  the  criminal ;  and  this  latter  not 
so  much  from  any  tender  regard  which  society  has 
for  the  feelings  of  offenders  against  the  law,  but 
mainly  because  experience  has  demonstrated  that 
cruel  or  unusual  punishments  which  have  much  of 
the  character  of  revenge  about  them,  are  less  effect- 
ual in  preventing  crime  than  those  whieh  are  mild 
in  character,  and  dignified  in  the  manner  of  infliction. 

The  safety  of  society  is  supposed  to  be  secured 
through  punishment  in  two  ways : 

1.  By  the  effect  which  it  has  upon  the  offend- 
ing individual  in  intimidating  him,  in  causing  him  to 


48  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

suffer  mental  or  physical  pain  as  a  sort  of  recompense 
which  he  owes  to  society  for  his  crime,  or  in  placing 
him  in  such  a  condition  that  it  will  be  impossible  for 
him  for  a  limited  period,  or  ever  again,  to  break  the 
laws. 

2.  By  the  example  which  is  afforded  to  others 
who  might  feel  inclined  to  commit  crimes,  but  whose 
vicious  inclinations  are  kept  in  check  by  the  cer- 
tainty or  probability  of  the  law  taking  hold  of  them, 
should  they  pass  the  prescribed  bounds. 

In  providing  for  its  safety,  society  has  almost  in- 
variably carried  out  the  maxim  .  of  securing  the 
greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number,  and  has  there- 
fore to  a  great  extent  disregarded  the  natural  rights 
of  individual  persons.  For  example,  it  is  certainly 
unjust  to  the  individual  to  punish  him  for  the  viola- 
tion of  a  law  the  very  existence  of  which  is  unknown 
to  him.  Society  does  not  care  for  this ;  safety  for 
the  property  and  lives  of  the  majority  is  of  para- 
mount importance,  and  therefore  the  offender  is  fined, 
incarcerated,  or  put  to  death,  according  to  the  extent 
of  his  crime,  notwithstanding  the  fact  of  his  igno- 
rance. And  this  it  does  not  so  much  for  the  pur- 
pose of  avenging  the  violation  of  the  law,  as  to  act 
upon  others  by  the  force  of  example,  and  to  prevent 
the  escape  of  criminals  by  a  plea  which  it  would  be 
difficult  in  many  cases  to  disprove. 


OBJECT  OF  PUNISHMENT.  49 

The  laws  which  formerly  prevailed  extensively, 
relative  to  attainder  of  blood  for  certain  crimes,  and 
which  still  exist  in  a  more  or  less  modified  form  in 
some  countries,  were  likewise  unjust  to  individuals. 
For  acts  erf  high-treason,  not  only  were  the  offenders 
themselves  put  to  death,  but  all  their  kindred  with- 
in certain  degrees  were  killed  or  banished,  with  for- 
feiture of  estates  ;  and  even  now,  in  the  most  enlight- 
ened nations  of  the  earth — except  our  own — the 
heirs  of  a  traitor  who  is  punished  with  death  are 
deprived  of  the  property  which  in  the  natural  course 
of  events  would  have  descended  to  them.  Individ- 
uals are  thus  punished  for  a  relation  wholly  beyond 
their  control,  in  order  that  treason  may  be  "  made 
odious "  and  society  protected.  And,  going  higher, 
what  can  be  more  painful  to  our  sense  of  abstract 
justice  than  the  decree  of  the  Almighty  that  "  the 
sins  of  the  fathers  shall  be  visited  upon  the  chil- 
dren ?  "  Certainly  the  only  object  of  such  a  law  is 
that  the  fathers  may  be  more  effectually  restrained 
from  sin  by  the  contemplation  of  the  idea  that  their 
children  will  suffer  for  their  delinquencies. 

Looking  at  the  matter,  therefore,  from  a  similar 
point  of  view,  no  valid  argument  can  be  adduced 
against  the  punishment  of  the  insane,  even  though 
they  be  morally  irresponsible  for  their  acts  by  reason 
of  delirium,  dementia,  morbid  impulse,  emotional 


50  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

insanity,  or  any  other  form  of  mental  aberration.  It 
is  reported  of  an  English  judge  that  he  once  ad- 
dressed a  criminal  in  these  words : 

"  You  have  been  convicted  of  the  crime  of  mur- 
der. It  has  been  alleged  in  your  defence*  that  you 
were  actuated  by  an  irresistible  impulse.  This  may 
be  true,  but  the  law  has  an  irresistible  impulse  to 
punish  you,  and  it  therefore  becomes  my  duty  to  sen- 
tence you  to  be  hanged." 

In  reference  to  such  lunatics,  a  distinguished 
French  magistrate  observed  to  Marc,  an  eminent 
alienist :  "  These  men  are  madmen  ;  ~but  it  is  neces- 
sary to  cure  their  mad  acts  in  the  Place  de  Greve" 

These  judical  opinions  are  adduced  not  as  meriting 
full  approval,  but  merely  to  show  how  selfishly  soci- 
ety protects  itself  even  against  insane  violators  of  its 
laws. 

The  existence  of  a  delusion  is  regarded  in  law  as 
evidence  of  insanity,  and  the  fact  that  an  individual 
accused  of  crime  has  such  a  false  conception  of  his 
mind  is  considered  a  valid  defence.  This  is,  doubt- 
less, correct  practice  in  many  cases,  but  it  should  be 
understood  that  an  act  may  be  the  direct  and  logical 
consequence  of  a  delusion,  and  still  be  criminal.  For 
instance,  if  I  entertain  the  delusion  that  a  certain 
person  has  injured  me,  I  may  be  insane,  but,  even  if 
I  am,  I  ought  to  be  punished  if  I  kill  the  individual 


CASE   OF  ANDERSON.  51 

who  I  imagine  has  done  me  a  wrong.  In  the  State 
of  Massachusetts  the  law,  as  laid  down  by  Chief- 
Justice  Shaw,  is  that  a  delusion  to  be  a  valid  defence 
must  be  of  such  a  character  as  if,  being  true,  the  al- 
leged criminal  would  be  excused. 

Beliefs  as  regards  matters  of  faith,  no  matter  how 
much  they  may  be  at  variance  with  common-sense, 
and  the  opinions  of  mankind  at  large,  cannot  be  con- 
sidered delusions  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term,  be- 
cause they  do  not  admit  of  either  proof  or  refutation. 
They  are  not  concerned  with  matters  of  fact,  and 
should  never,  therefore,  be  held  to  acquit  of  respon- 
sibility for  crime,  however  absurd  they  may  be. 

A  case,  illustrative  of  the  view  here  expressed, 
occurred  a  few  years  ago.  The  following  outline  of 
the  circumstances  was  published  at  the  time  in  the 
London  Lancet : 

The  prisoner,  Charles  Anderson,  was  convicted 
of  deliberately  taking  the  life  of  James  Marchin,  one 
of  the  crew  of  the  ship  Raby  Castle,  on  her  home- 
ward voyage  from  Penang.  The  circumstances  of 
the  case  were  of  an  extraordinary  character.  The 
prisoner,  on  the  28th  of  September,  1866,  shipped  in 
the  vessel  as  an  able  seaman  and  carpenter.  It  ap- 
pears that  during  the  voyage  he  gave  many  indica- 
tions of  an  eccentric  though  weak  intellect,  of  a  per- 
fectly harmless  character.  The  deceased  was  a  niu- 


52  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

latto.  The  prisoner  regarded  him  with  apprehension, 
and  was  said  to  be  under  the  delusion  that  Marchin 
was  a  Russian  Finn.  It  appears  that  there  is  some 
extraordinary  superstition  among  sailors,  that  the 
presence  of  a  Russian  Finn  on  board  a  vessel  is  like- 
ly to  lead  to  the  destruction  of  that  vessel,  together 
with  the  loss  of  the  crew.  The  prisoner  believed 
this.  He  was  frequently  heard  to  mutter  to  himself 
some  incoherent  expressions,  to  the  effect  that  he 
could  not  go  on  in  this  -way,  and  that  he  must  kill 
the  Russian  Finn,  or  they  would  never  get  to  Lon- 
don. On  no  occasion  had  any  personal  quarrel  aris- 
en, or  ill-feeling  been  manifested  between  the  pris- 
oner and  the  deceased.  Matters  continued  to  go  on 
in  the  same  manner,  the  delusion  of  the  prisoner  be- 
ing well  known  to,  and  regarded  in  a  good-humored 
spirit  by,  his  shipmates.  No  one  anticipated  the  ter- 
rible result.  During  the  night  of  the  24th  of  No- 
vember the  prisoner  had  to  watch  on  deck,  and,  when 
free  to  act  and  unobserved,  he  seems  to  have  gone  to 
the  bunk  where  the  unfortunate  deceased  man  was 
sleeping,,  and  attacked  him  with  a  carpenter's  axe, 
inflicting  five  desperate  wounds  upon  his  neck  and 
shoulders,  the  effect  of  the  former  injuries  being 
nearly  to  sever  the  head  from  the  body.  The  pris- 
oner was  immediately  suspected  as  the  murderer. 
He  was  seen  to  be  washing  blood  from  his  hands, 


CASE  OF  ANDERSON.  53 

and  to  throw  an  axe  overboard.  He  was  at  once 
seized  and  asked  how  he  had  corne  to  murder  his 
comrade.  The  reply  he  made  was,  that  "  if  he  had 
not  done  so,  the  ship  would  have  gone  on  the  rocks, 
and  they  would  all  have  been  lost."  There  had  been 
a  heavy  gale  of  wind  blowing  at  the  time,  and  there 
appeared  to  be  no  doubt  that  he  had  committed  the 
act  under  the  impression  that,  if  he  did  not  kill  the 
deceased,  both  his  own  safety  and  that  of  the  crew 
would  be  endangered.  Under  these  facts,  notwith- 
standing the  charge  of  the  learned  judge,  the  Baron 
Channell,  the  jury  found  the  accused  guilty  of  willful 
murder,  ignoring  the  suggestion  of  any  unsoundness 
of  mind,  and  therefore  withholding  from  the  verdict 
any  recommendation  to  mercy. 

The  learned  judge  accompanied  the  sentence  of 
death  with  such  observations  as  leave  little  doubt 
relative  to  the  impression  on  his  own  mind,  even 
though  he  condemned  the  prisoner  according  to  law. 
He  observed  that  "  the  jury  had  found  themselves 
compelled  to  convict  the  prisoner  of  willful  murder ; 
and,  as  to  the  act  itself,  there  was  no  doubt  he  had 
committed  it.  The  defence  set  up  was,  that  all  the 
time  he  was  laboring  under  a  delusion  which  com- 
pelled him  to  commit  the  crime,  and  that,  therefore, 
he  was  not  responsible.  It  was  not  contended  that 
he  did  not,  on  ordinary  occasions,  fully  appreciate 


54:  INSANITY   IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

the  difference  between  right  and  wrong,  but  it  was 
said  that  he  was  laboring  under  a  delusion,  and  that 
the  effect  of  this  delusion  was  to  compel  him  to  com- 
mit the  act.  The  jury  have  carefully  considered  the 
matter,  and  they  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that 
they  are  not  justified,  under  the  circumstances,  in  ac- 
quitting him  on  the  ground  of  insanity,  and  it  there- 
fore became  his  duty  to  pass  upon  him  the  sentence 
of  the  law  for  the  crime  of  murder."  The  prisoner 
bowed  to  the  judge,  and  was  then  removed. 

The  sentence  of  Anderson  was  subsequently,  on 
the  recommendation  of  several  medical  gentlemen, 
commuted  to  imprisonment  for  life. 

In  regard  to  the  propriety  of  Anderson's  punish- 
ment there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt.  Delusions 
such  as  his  do  not  justify  homicide,  and,  were  a  few 
like  him  severely  punished,  there  would  be  less 
superstition  and  fewer  delusions.  While  death  is 
the  penalty  for  murder,  such  lunatics  a,s  Anderson 
should  be  made  to  suffer  it.  His  crime  was  delib- 
erate and  premeditated,  and  the  fact  that  it  origi- 
nated in  ignorance  and  false  intellectual  processes, 
though  it  may  lessen  his  moral  criminality,  does  not 
make  it  any  safer  for  society  to  remit  the  punishment. 

Again,  some  of  the  insane  are  such  monsters  of 
depravity  that  they  should  be  slain,  upon  the  same 
principle  that  we  slay  wild  and  ferocious  beasts. 


THE  ALTON  MURDERER.  55 

Such  a  one  was  the  Alton  murderer.  On  a  fine 
afternoon  a  clerk  in  a  lawyer's  office  took  a  walk  out 
of  town.  He  saw  some  little  girls  playing  in  a  field 
near  the  road.  One  of  them,  a  bright  and  lively 
child,  he  persuaded  to  go  with  him  into  an  adjoining 
hop-garden,  and  sent  the  others  home  by  giving 
them  some  half-pence.  Shortly  afterward  he  was 
seen  alone,  and  he  returned  to  his  office  and  made 
an  entry  in  his  diary.  The  little  girl  was  missed ; 
her  parents  became  alarmed.  ,  Upon  inquiry,  it  was 
ascertained  that  she  was  last  seen  going  toward  the 
hop-garden,  and,  on  searching  there,  her  body  was 
found  cut  up  into  small  pieces.  What  she  under- 
went before  the  butchery  could  not  be  ascertained, 
because  parts  of  her  body  could  not  be  found  at  all. 
Suspicion  fell  on  the  lawyer's  clerk,  and  he  was 
arrested.  His  desk  was  searched,  and  a  diary  found, 
in  which  was  this  newly-made  entry :  "  Killed  a  lit- 
tle girl ;  it  was  fine  and  hot." 

The  evidence  at  the  trial  showed  that  a  near  rela- 
tive of  his  father  was  in  confinement,  suffering  from 
homicidal  mania,  and  that  his  father  had  also  been 
insane.  It  was  likewise  proved  by  many  witnesses 
that  the  prisoner  was  unlike  other  people ;  that  he 
was  subject  to  attacks  of  melancholy,  during  which 
he  would  weep  without  evident  .cause;  that  his  con- 
duct had  been  capricious,  and  that  it  had  been  neces- 


56  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

sary  to  watch  him,  for  fear  that  he  would  commit 
suicide.  Taking  these  circumstances  into  considera- 
tion, there  is  more  than  a  reasonable  probability  that 
this  wretch  was  insane.  But  the  jury  disregarded 
them ;  a  verdict  of  guilty  was  rendered,  and  he  was 
executed. 

And  can  it  be  doubted  that  the  following  is  an- 
other case  of  insanity,  fully  as  well  marked  as  any 
other  cited  in  this  memoir  ?  It  is  related  by  an  Ital- 
ian correspondent l  of  the  London  Times : 

"  As  a  mere  psychological  curiosity,  and  an  evi- 
dence of  hardened  villainy  which  it  could  hardly 
have  been  deemed  possible  for  human  nature  to 
attain,  I  beg  to  be  allowed  to  translate  a  few  ex- 
tracts from  the  reported  trial  of  that  Antonio  Bog- 
gia,  charged  with  a  multiplicity  of  deliberate  mur- 
ders at  Milan,  to  whom  I  have  repeatedly  alluded  in 
some  of  my  foregoing  letters.  You  are  aware  that 
this  Boggia  was  a  house-porter  in  easy  circumstances 
for  one  of  his  standing  in  life,  very  assiduous  in  the 
discharge  of  his  religious  duties,  somewhat  over-de- 
monstrative in  his  display  of  zeal  and  devotion,  and 
a  darling  of  the  Milan  priesthood,  who  once  got  him 
out  of  a  sanguinary  scrape  for  which  but  for  their 
interference  he  would  probably  have  been,  under  the 

1  London  Times,  November  29,  1861.    Also  Psychological  Journal, 
January,  1862,  p.  3. 


CASE  OF  BOGGIA.  57 

Austrian  Government,  hanged  in  time  to  disable  him 
from  the  perpetration  of  subsequent  offences.  '  Ima- 
gine,' says  the  report,  c'a  little  man  about  sixty-five 
years  of  age,  with  venerable  gray  hair  carefully 
smoothed  down  on  the  temples  and  back  of  the 
head,  an  easy  cheerfulness  of  countenance,  an  imper- 
turbable calmness  of  speech,  a  spotless  white  neck- 
cloth, the  whole  outward  man  would  lead  you  to 
look  upon  him  as  a  poor,  aged  wight  brought  into 
difficulty  by  some  mistake,  or  in  consequence  of  some 
deep-laid  scheme  of  calumny.  The  president  asks  him 
by  what  circumstances  he  was  led  to  do  away  with  his 
last  victim,  the  woman  Perocchio,  sixty-six  years  old, 
who  had  welcomed  him  to  her  house  with  the  most 
perfect  trust.  Boggia  begins  by  rubbing  his  hand, 
takes  his  handkerchief  out  of  his  pocket,  wipes  his 
mouth ;  then  pulls  out  his  snuffbox,  and  takes  a  good 
pinch ;  then,  without  a  wink  of  the  eye,  no  faltering 
of  the  voice,  without  a  glimpse  of  remorse  or  com- 
punction, he  thus  tells  his  atrocious  tale  :  "  What  can 
I  say  to  you,  my  lord  president  ?  We  were  there 
all  alone  ;  the  old  woman  smiled ;  a  whim  or  inspira- 
tion came  upon  me.  I  took  up  my  hatchet  and  let 
it  go  at  her  head  with  so  good  an  aim  that  she  did 
not  utter  one  cry.  She  was  knocked  down  instantly 
and  died  quite  easy.  When  she  lay  on  the  ground 
stretched  out  I  sat  down  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour 


58  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

looking  at  her,  and  as  I  looked  a  fit  of  laughter 
seized  me.  I  then  went  out  for  a  little  air  and 
came  back  to  sleep. 

" l  On  the  morrow  I  cut  off  the  woman's  legs,  to  be 
able  to  put  her  in  my  basket '  (a  kind  of  basket  with 
handles  used  by  street  porters  in  Italy  to  carry  bur- 
dens on  their  shoulders),  *  to  make  it  one  job  only,  as 
I  carried  her  to  my  cellar.  When  I  had  her  in  my 
cellar,  I  dug  a  goodly  grave  (una  brava  fossa)  along 
the  wall,  took  out  the  pieces  of  the  old  woman,  laid 
them  down  in  the  grave  very  nicely,  stretched  out  at 
full  length,  and  there  was  an  end  of  it ! ' 

"  <  And  Ribbone  ?  What  of  Ribbone  ? '  asked  the 
court.  This  Ribbone  was  an  old  friend  of  Boggia ; 
he  lived  in  the  same  house.  A  good  man,  fond  of 
Boggia' s  children,  patted  them  on  the  head,  bought 
them  penny  toys,  took  them  out  for  a  walk,  and  was 
quite  intimate  with  the  family.  Boggia  asked  Rib- 
bone  for  a  loan  of  twenty  lire.  Ribbone  promised 
to  try  to  get  them,  but  Boggia's  impatience  got  the 
better  of  him.  He  found  some  pretext  to  decoy  his 
poor  friend  into  his  cellar,  asked  him  to  look  for 
something  he  had  dropped  on  the  ground,  and  as  the 
other  stooped  he  was  over  him  with  the  formidable 
hatchet,  which  he  had  secreted  under  his  cloak,  and 
with  one  stroke  on  the  nape  of  the  neck  he  levelled 
him  stone-dead  with  the  ground ! 


THE   FORCE   OF  EXAMPLE.  59 

«  <  But  why  did  you  kill*  him  ? ' 

"'  Simply  "because  he  did  not  procure  me  the 
twenty  lire  I  wanted.' 

"  On  another  occasion,  after  killing  one  Mazza, 
1  he  went  out  of  his  cellar  for  a  little  air,'  as  he  said, 
'  and  walked  along  the  canals  to  see  the  boats  load- 
ing,' then  came  back  at  night  and  dug  the  usual 
grave.  But  the  grave  was  not  long  enough ;  he 
doubled  up  the  corpse  as  he  best  could,  and  left  it 
to  keep  company  with  the  other  victim." 

It  is  common  to  hear  lawyers  descant  about  the 
power  of  motive  as  influencing  a  person  in  the  perpe- 
tration of  a  crime,  and  doubtless  it  is  generally  cor- 
rect to  hold  that  the  absence  of  motive  is  either 
proof  that  the  alleged  offender  is  not  the  real  perpe- 
trator, or,  if  he  is,  that  the  act  was  done  under  the 
influence  of  a  mistake,  an  accident,  or  mental  aberra- 
tion. Boggia  was  executed,  but  there  can  be  little  or 
no  doubt  of  his  insanity.  Had  his  crimes  and  his 
trial  taken  place  in  this  country  or  in  Great  Britain, 
he  would  probably  have  been  acquitted,  and  perhaps 
even  have  been  turned  loose  on  the  community  to 
commit  other  atrocities. 

All  psychologists  recognize  the  force  of  example. 
A  man  commits  suicide  in  some  unusual  manner,  and 
straightway  this  becomes  the  prevailing  mode  of  ac- 
complishing self-destruction.  All  are  likewise  famil- 


60  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME, 

iar  with  the  principle  called  the  "  force  of  sugges- 
tion." An  individual  becomes  melancholic  from  an 
exaggeration  of  his  selfish  instincts.  His  emotion 
might  cany  him  no  further,  till  suddenly  he  hears 
that  a  terrible  murder  has  been  committed.  He 
eagerly  reads  the  details ;  he  broods  over  all  the 
minutiae,  till  they  are  assimilated  to  his  own  morbid 
thoughts.  He  perhaps  learns  that  the  perpetrator  is 
insane,  and  will  thus,  probably,  escape  punishment. 
Nothing  is,  therefore,  more  in  consonance  with  his 
ideas  than  to  go  and  do  likewise,  and  the  suggestion 
soon  ripens  into  a  frightful  reality.  Let  it  be  under- 
stood that  such  murderers  will  be  punished,  and 
they  will  the  better  control  their  morbid  impulses. 

That  many  of  the  insane  possess  great  powers  of 
self-control,  is  well  known -to  all  those  who  have 
studied  the  various  phases  of  mental  aberration. 
The  influence  of  rewards  and  punishments  is  by  no 
means  nugatory,  and  a  discipline  very  healthful  to 
their  disordered  intellects  or  emotions  can  be  thus 
brought  to  bear  upon  them.  Every  superintendent 
of  a  lunatic  asylum  knows  that  many  of  his  worst 
patients  can  be  improved  in  their  conduct,  mind, 
and  character,  by  being  rewarded  when  they  de- 
serve commendation,  and  punished  when  they  have 
incurred  censure.  These  rewards  and  punishments 
not  only  influence  the  patients  directly  concerned, 


POWER  OF  SELF-CONTROL  IN  THE  INSANE.  61 

but  are  understood  and  commented  upon  by  many 
of  the  others. 

Thus,  when  Martin  was  arrested  for  setting  fire  to 
York  Minster  Cathedral,  the  circumstance  was  com- 
mented upon  by  the  inmates  of  a  lunatic  asylum  in 
the  vicinity.  The  idea  that  he  would  be  punished 
was  scouted.  "  He  is  one  of  us,"  they  exclaimed, 
"  and  of  course  is  not  responsible  for  his  acts."  It 
is  certainly  reasonable  to  believe  that  individuals, 
aware  of  their  irresponsibility,  would  be  capable  of 
exercising  a  measurable  control  over  their  actions 
and  impulses.  I  must,  therefore,  differ  with  that 
eminent  psychological  jurist,  Mr.  Francis  Wharton, 
when  he  declares l  that  "  it  certainly  will  not  be 
maintained  that  a  consciousness  of  the  legal  relations 
of  crime,  such  as  this  remark  exhibited,  confers  re- 
sponsibility where  it  does  not  otherwise  exist."  It 
is  not  that  the  consciousness  confers  responsibility, 
but  that  it  indicates  its  existence. 

Now,  the  same  is  true  of  the  insane  outside  of 
asylums — and  there  are  many  such  who  pass  through 
life  scarcely  suspected  of  being  the  subjects  of  men- 
tal aberration,  but  who  simply  wait  for  the  excit- 
ing cause  which  is  to  bring  their  latent  suscepti- 
bilities into  action.  Let  them  understand  that  in- 

/ 

1  "  A  Treatise  on  Mental  TJnsoundness,  embracing  a  General  View 
of  Psychological  Law."    Philadelphia,  1873,  p.  156. 


62  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

sanity  does  not  necessarily  license  an  individual  to 
do  what  lie  pleases  without  punishment,  and  a  power 
is  brought  to  the  aid  of  their  wavering  intellects 
which  may  turn  the  scale  definitely  in  their  favor. 
It  is  not  only  for  the  safety  of  society,  therefore,  that 
insane  criminals  should  be  punished,  but  for  the 
sake  of  other  insane  who  are  not  yet  entirely  de- 
prived of  responsibility. 

And  even  when  mental  aberration  is  well  pro- 
nounced, the  affected  individual  is  often  capable  of 
controlling  his  actions,  and  at  times  of  arresting  the 
farther  "progress  of  his  disease.  Thus,  in  the  exami- 
nation of  Leger  at  his  trial,  the  fact  of  previously- 
resisted  temptations,  and  the  fear  of  discovery,  were 
clearly  brought  out.  "  Did  you  not,"  asked  the 
president  of  the  court,  "  often  conceive  the  idea  of 
carrying  a  woman  to  the  cave  ?  " 

"  I  had  the  idea,"  replied  the  prisoner,  "  but  I  did 
not  do  it.  Despair  led  me  to  take  up  my  abode  there. 
My  mind  was  gone.  I  had  desires,  but  I  did  not  wish 
to  gratify  them." 

"  You  have  stated  in  your  preliminary  examina- 
tion that  you  feared  the  resistance  of  an  adult  wom- 
an. Did  you  also  fear  that  her  cries  would  attract 
the  attention  of  the  passers-by  ?  " 

"Yes,  sir." 

And  Jobard  declared :  "  My  action  was  criminal, 


POWER  OF  SELF-CONTROL  IN  THE   INSANE.  63 

I  know,  and  I  went  on  toward  it  without  reflection. 
If  I  could  have  thought  correctly ;  if  I  could  have 
confided  my  thoughts  to  some  one  and  been  advised, 
I  would  never  have  committed  the  deed."  Might  he 
not  justly  have  been  held  responsible  for  his  neglect 
to  avail  himself  of  all  means  likely  to  deter  him  from 
the  commission  of  his  crime  ? 

And  again  we  have  Jules  asserting :  "  If  my  father 
had  addressed  to  me  one  word  when  I  entered  the 
drawing-room,  a  single  word,  whatever  it  might  have 
been,  I  should  not  have  killed  my  step-mother."  He 
was  undeniably  insane,  and  yet  how  slight  a  circum- 
stance  would,  by  his  own  showing,  have  diverted 
him  from  the  homicide ! 

Dr.  Forbes  Winslow,1  in  an  article  entitled  "  Un- 
recognized Insanity,"  thus  relates  the  details  of  a 
case  which  came  under  his  personal  observation : 

"  We  were  consulted,  some  years  ago,  by  an  un- 
married lady  of  about  thirty  years  of  age.  She  was 
healthy  and  robust  in  aspect,  of  strong,  even  mascu- 
line intelligence,  which  had  been  nurtured  and  di- 
rected by  a  brother,  and  her  manners  were  calm  and 
self-possessed.  She  had  moved  in  a  circle  containing 
studious  and  thinking  people,  and  had  busied  her- 
self rather  with  the  stern  realities  than  the  romance 
of  our  lot.  She  made  the  following  confession : 

1  Psychological  Journal,  1861,  p.  659. 


64  INSANITY   IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

When  passing  by  or  near  to  a  window  in  the  street 
(and  the  plate-glass  era  had  just  commenced)  she  felt 
a  strong  inclination  to  break  the  panes ;  when  in 
church  and  during  sermon,  but  irrespective  of  its 
character  and  her  devotional  tendencies — she  was 
pious  though  not  a  pietist — she  was  often  impelled 
to  shout  or  shriek  aloud ;  and  when  intrusted  with 
the  care  of  an  infant,  which  frequently  happened,  she 
was  invariably  tempted  to  crush  it,  or  dash  it  down 
upon  the  floor.  This  applicant  was  fully  aware  that 
these  dispositions  were  superadded  to  her  natural 
character ;  she  regarded  them  as  criminal  or  morbid, 
she  could  gaze  at,  and,  in  a  certain  sense,  speculate 
upon  the  impending  ruin  of  her  own  mind ;  she  con- 
cealed, repelled,  struggled  with,  vanquished  these  im- 
pulses, and  it  was  because  the  violence  of  her  antag- 
onists had  increased,  and  because  the  victory  had  be- 
come doubtful,  that  she  sought  medical  aid." 

Dr.  Thomas  Mayo,1  in  an  interesting  memoir  says : 
"  Doubtless  these  symptoms,  varying  between  eccen- 
tricity and  insanity,  but  combined  with  vicious  pro- 
pensities, are  often  received  into  an  asylum,  when 
a  prison  would  be  more  appropriate.  I  was  told 
lately  by  Mr.  Pownall,  chairman,  I  think,  of  the 
Brentford  Quarter  Sessions,  the  following  anecdote 

1  "  On  the  Moral  Phenomena  of  Insanity  and  Eccentricity,"  Psycho- 
logical Journal,  1861,  p.  176. 


POWER  OF   SELF-CONTROL   IN  THE  INSANE.  65 

respecting  Oxford,  who  afterward  attempted  the 
queen's  life:  Some  time  before  that  act,  he  was 
brought  before  Mr.  Pownall  and  another  magistrate, 
on  account  of  some  very  eccentric  cruelty  shown  to 
some  fowls,  and  for  this  offence  let  off  with  a  repri- 
mand. Seeing  Mr.  Pownall  some  time  afterward 
when  in  the  penal  wards  of  Bedlam,  *  Had  you,' 
said  Oxford  to  that  gentleman — i  had  you  punished 
me  when  I  was  brought  before  you  for  that  former 
offence,  I  should  not  now  have  been  here.' " 

"  X ,  aged  twenty-five  years,  presented  himself 

to  M.  Berillon,  commissary  of  police,  and  requested  to 
be  placed  in  a  lunatic  asylum.  '  I  am  a  school-mas- 
ter,' said  he,  '  and,  without  being  absolutely  insane, 
I  experience,  when  I  lay  awake  at  night,  strange  sen- 
sations. Notwithstanding  all  my  efforts,  the  idea 
seizes  me  with  overpowering  force  that  I  must  kill 
one  of  the  pupils  under  my  charge.  Until  now,  not- 
withstanding that  I  have  been  on  the  point  of  stran- 
gling one  of  them,  I  have  been  able,  by  calling  all  my 
mental  power  into  action,  to  conquer  the  impulse. 
But  I  am  no  longer  master  of  myself,  and  the  sight 
of  a  child  would  at  once  call  my  deplorable  propen- 
sity into  action.  In  coming  to  your  office,  I  have 
averted  fmy  face  so  as  not  to  see  a  child.'  At  this 
moment  an  officer  entered  with  a  boy  whom  he  had 
arrested  in  the  act  of  stealing.  X at  once  became 


66  INSANITY  IN  ITS   RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

violently  excited,  and  would  have  seized  the  little 
vagabond  had  he  not  been  prevented  by  the  gen- 
darme present.  He  was  committed  according  to  his 
wish."  ' 

This  case  is  very  fully  described  by  M.  Dagonet,9 

the  superintendent  of  the  asylum  in  which  X was 

placed,  and  his  antecedents  are  shown  to  have  been 
of  such  a  character  as  to  indicate  eccentricity  of  mind 
from  a  very  early  period  of  his  life. 

In  reference  to  such  instances  — *and  there  are 
many  more  which  it  would  be  easy  to  bring  forward 
—the  scientific  and  legal  questions  to  be  considered 
are  very  different,  and  a  great  deal  of  the  practical 
difficulty  attendant  upon  them  arises  from  the  efforts 
made  by  physicians  and  jurists  to  reconcile  pathol- 
ogy with  law.  Such  attempts  must  always  fail,  for 
the  reason  that  the  professors  of  each  science  look  at 
the  subject  from  entirely  different  stand-points,  and 
are  actuated  by  different  motives.  The  one  class 
seeks  to  establish  the  existence  of  disease,  the  other 
is  engaged  in  the  effort  to  protect  society.  Both  are 
right,  but  the  views  of  neither  should  prevail  to  the 
exclusion  of  those  of  the  others — for  an  individual 
may  be  at  the  same  time  insane  and  responsible  for 
an  infraction  of  the  law. 

This  view  is  well  maintained  by  Dr.  Mayo  in  the 

1  Journal  de  Mtdecine  Mentale,  1869,  p.  317.  a  Ibid.,  p.  356. 


RESPONSIBILITY  AND  PtJNISHABILITY.  67 

paper  already  referred  to.  He  says :  "  We  cannot 
wait  to  clear  up  the  question  whether  the  definition 
of  insanity,  such  as  it  ought  to  be,  has  been  accom- 
plished in  the  supposed  case,  so  as  to  enable  us  to 
coerce  it  by  a  certificate  of  unsoundness  of  mind  be- 
fore it  has  reached  a  Cenci  denoument,  or  such  a  one 
as  'Feuerbach  brings  forward  in  his  work  on  juris- 
prudence, in  which  the  lives  of  a  whole  family  were 
saved  by  their  concurring  to  put  to  death  a  homi- 
cidal father.  The  law  will  not  permit  the  idea  of 
insanity  in  the  agent  to  plead  his  excuse  when  he 
knows  that  he  is  perfectly  aware  of  the  murderous 
tendency  of  his  actions,  and,  in  being  unable  to  resist 
them,  is  only  in  the  same  predicament  with  every 
recognized  aspirant  to  the  gallows." 

But,  though  some  lunatics  are  responsible  for 
their  acts,  there  are  others  who  clearly  are  not,  whose 
intellectual  faculties  are  so  perverted  or  destroyed 
as  to  render  them  absolutely  unaccountable  for  their 
actions.  Punishment  of  them  can  only  be  justifiable 
solely  in  the  interest  of  the  safety  of  society,  and 
should  never  extend  beyond  the  deprivation  of  per- 
sonal liberty.  As  to  any  rules  for  the  determination 
of  the  degree  of  responsibility,  none  can  be  given, 
the  decision  being  necesarily  left  to  the  examination 
of  the  phenomena  of  each  individual  case.  As  Bain1 

1  "  The  Emotions  and  the  Will,"  second  edition,  London,  1865,  p.  522. 


68  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

says :  "  It  is  impossible  to  deal  with  such  cases  by  a 
theoretical  rule,  they  must  be  treated  on  their  indi- 
vidual merits  as  they  occur." 

A  case  was  recently  tried  at  Rochester,  in  this 
State,  in  which  a  man,  David  Montgomery,  subject  to 
epilepsy,  was  charged  with  the  murder  of  his  wife. 
The  deed  was  not  denied,  but  the  defence  of  insan- 
ity was  set  up,  and  it  was  attempted  to  be  shown 
that,  at  the  time  of  the  commission  of  the  homicide, 
Montgomery  was  unconscious.     My  opinion  in  the 
case  was  asked  by  the  district  attorney,  and,  after 
a  careful  consideration  of  the  evidence  and  a  minute 
personal  examination  of  the  prisoner,  I  testified  that, 
though  he  was  subject  to  epileptic  convulsions  and 
had  a  disease  of  his  brain,  he  was  conscious  at  the 
time  of  the  murder,  and  that  the  act  was  premedi- 
tated and  deliberate.     Other  physicians — Drs.  Gray, 
of  Utica,  and  Cook,  of  Canandaigua — differed  with 
me  in  regard  to  Montgomery's  responsibility.     He 
was,  however,  convicted  of  murder  in  the  first  de- 
gree, and  duly  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 

An  application  for  a  new  trial  was  refused  by 
the  Supreme  Court.  The  opinion  was  delivered  by 
Judge  Mullin.1  In  it  the  learned  judge  makes  the 
following  remarks,  which  strike  me  as  being  dictated 

1U  Abbott's  Practice   Keports,"   new   series,  vol.   xiii.,  People  vt. 
David  Montgomery. 


OPINION  OF  MR.  JUSTICE  MULLIN.  69 

not  only  by  a  sense  of  what  is  due  to  society,  but  as 
being  based  on  common-sense,  and  not  at  variance 
with  the  facts  of  the  case  and  sound  pathology. 

"  While  I  am  of  opinion  that,  for  some  days  be- 
fore the  killing,  the  prisoner  was  partially  insane, 
and  sometimes  during  that  time  more  so  than  at 
others,  there  is  no  evidence  that  he  was  not  capable 
of  distinguishing  right  from  wrong,  at  any  time  be- 
tween noon  on  Saturday  and  the  commission  of  the 
crime.  Indeed,  we  might  go  further,  and  say  that  at 
no  time,  except  when  he  was  in  one  of  his  epileptic 
fits,  is  it  proved  that  he  was  incapable  of  distinguish- 
ing right  from  wrong.  Drs.  Gray  and  Cook  give  it 
as  their  opinion  that  the  disordered  state  of  mind 
produced  by  one  of  those  fits  may  continue  for  days, 
and  the  person  having  it  be  unconscious  of  what  is 
passing,  notwithstanding  he  may  act  and  talk  ration- 
ally during  the  time. 

"  If  courts  are  to  act  upon  this  as  an  established 
fact,  I  do  not  see  but  that  all  attempts  to  punish 
such  persons  must  be  given  up.  If  a  man  may  be 
utterly  insane,  and  yet  act  and  talk  rationally,  it  is 
impossible  by  any  test  to  determine  where  responsi- 
bility for  crime  attaches.  We  may  convict  a  person 
altogether  incapable  of  committing  a  crime. 

"  I  do  not  make  these  remarks  because  I  doubt 
the  correctness  of  the  opinions  of  these  learned  and 


70  INSANITY  IN  ITS   RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

intelligent  gentlemen,  but  to  say  that  while  the 
greatest  degree  of  care  and  caution  must  be  exercised 
in  determining  the  question  of  capacity  to  commit 
crime,  yet  we  must  hold  the  man  responsible  whose 
acts  and  declarations  prove  him  so  far  wrong  as  to 
know  that  the  act  which  he  commits  is  by  the  laws 
of  God  and  man  wrong.  If  under  this  rule  a  person 
that  is  irresponsible  is  punished,  it  must  be  sub- 
mitted to,  or  entire  immunity  must  be  given  to  per- 
sons proving  insanity.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the 
judgment  was  right  and  should  be  affirmed." 

Although  not  a  test  of  insanity,  the  knowledge 
of  right  and  wrong  is  a  test  of  responsibility ;  and  by 
knowledge  of  right  and  wrong  is  not  meant  the 
moral  knowledge  that  a  particular  act  would  be  in- 
trinsically right  or  wrong,  but,  that  it  would  be  con- 
trary to  the  law  ;  or  rather  the  individual  need  not 
actually  have  this  knowledge,  but,  so  far  as  his  mind 
is  concerned,  he  must  possess  the  capacity  to  have  it. 
For  ignorance  is  no  excuse,  and  the  safety  of  society 
imperatively  demands  that  all  should  take  means  to 
make  themselves  acquainted  with  the  laws  of  the 

1  For  a  full  account  of  this  case,  the  reader  is  referred  to  my  paper 
entitled  "  Medico-Legal  Points  in  the  Case  of  David  Montgomery,"  Psy- 
chological Journal,  January,  1872.  Eighteen  months  elapsed  before  a 
final  decision  was  reached.  By  that  tune  the  epilepsy,  under  which  the 
prisoner  undoubtedly  suffered,  had  so  far  impaired  his  mind  that  it  was 
deemed  advisible  to  send  him  to  the  asylum  for  insane  criminals  at 
Auburn. 


IRRESISTIBLE  IMPULSE.  71 

land  in  which  they  live.  Now,  any  individual  hav- 
ing the  capacity  to  know  that  an  act  which  he  con- 
templates is  contrary  to  law,  should  be  deemed 
legally  responsible,  and  should  suffer  punishment. 
He  possesses  what  is  called  by  Bain  *  punishabil- 
ity.  If  he  does  not  possess  this  capacity,  then  he 
ought  not  to  be  allowed  to  go  at  large,  for  he  is  a 
greater  enemy  to  society  than  one  who  with  evil 
intent  has  nevertheless  sufficient  reason  to  guide  him. 

And  as  regards  "  irresistible  impulse,"  it  is  doubt- 
fill  if  it  ever  exists  even  with  the  insane.  That  they 
have  impulses  which  are  almost  irresistible  is  unques- 
tionable. I  have  already  brought  forward  several  of 
this  character  in  the  present  memoir,  and  others 
have  occurred  within  the  range  of  my  own  personal 
experience.  Griesinger,8  than  whom  there  is  no 
higher  authority,  says : 

"  The  matter  of  determining  if,  with  the  insane, 
there  are  certain  directions  of  the  will,  and  certain 
tendencies  which  are  irresistible,  especially  those 
which  induce  to  criminal  acts,  and  if  so,  how  far 
they  extend,  are  questions  which  have  not  yet  been 
definitely  answered.  In  the  insane  there  are  very 
few  acts  which  are  forced,  or  purely  automatic  move- 

1  "  The  Emotions  and  the  Will,"  second  edition,  London,  1865,  p. 
520. 

a  Pathologic  und  Therapie  des  psychischen  Krankheiten,"  Stuttgart, 
1861,  S.  47. 


Y2  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

ments  even  in  mania ;  and  those  who  have  recovered 
testify  to  this  fact,  to  the  ability  which  they  pos- 
sess to  restrain  in  great  part  their  wild  impulses. 
The  criminal  acts  of  the  insane  have  not  ordinarily 
the  characteristics  of  irresistible  impulses." 

Mr.  Francis  Wharton  *  refers  with  approval  to  Mr. 
J.  S.  Mill's  remarks  on  this  subject,  in  which  this 
philosopher  "  supposes  the  case  of  a  race  of  men 
whose  hereditary  tendencies  are  as  great  and  uncon- 
trollable as  those  of  lions  and  tigers,  than  which,  no 
case,  brought  up  by  the  advocates  of  the  unpunisha- 
bility  of  those  subject  to  irresistible  impulses,  could 
be  more  strong.  Having  supposed  such  men,  he  asks 
whether  we  would  not  treat  them  precisely  as  we 
would  a  wild  beast,  even  though  we  supposed  them 
to  act  necessarily.  The  highest  theory  of  fatalism, 
he  infers  from  this,  is  not  inconsistent  with  the  in- 
•friction  of  penalties  on  the  offender.  The  question 
then,  is,  Is  such  punishment  just  ?  Can  we  justly 
punish  a  man  for  that  which  he  cannot  help  \  And 
he  argues  that  we  certainly  can  if  announcing  be- 
forehand that  such  offenders  are  to  be  punished,  and 
supporting  the  announcement  by  inflexible  and  uni- 
form execution  is  the  way  to  keep  them  from  com- 
mitting the  obnoxious  act.  If  the  end — the  preven- 
tion of  crime  —  be  justifiable,  then  the  necessary 

1  Op.  cit.,  p.  128,  §  148. 


PROPRIETY  AND   CHARACTER  OF  PUNISHMENT.  73 

means  for  the  prevention  of  crime  are  also  justifia- 
ble." 

And,  eevn  if  actual  cerebral  disease  be  the  cause 
of  the  irresistible  impulse,  it  does  not  materially 
detract  from  the  right  of  society  to  protect  itself 
against  injury  from  those  in  whom  it  exists.  A  dog 
afflicted  with  hydrophobia,  going  about  snapping  at 
those  who  come  in  its  way,  is  destroyed  in  order  that 
it  may  not  bite  us,  and  may  not  poison  other  dogs, 
who,  in  their  turn,  might  bite  us.  The  dog  is  suffer- 
ing from  a  disease  of  its  brain,  which  gives  it  an  ir- 
resistible impulse  to  bite.  We  kill  it  without  the 
slightest  hesitation.  We  would  be  almost  equally 
justifiable  in  killing  the  insane  with  irresistible  im- 
pulses to  commit  homicide,  if  we  did  not  possess 
places  in  which  we  could  confine  them  safely. 

Of  course,  the  punishments  awarded  to  the  insane 
should  be  apportioned  with  regard  to  the  nature  of 
the  crime,  and  the  character  of  the  insanity,  and 
should  thus  extend  from  simple  sequestration  to  fine 
and  imprisonment  with  labor,  and,  in  some  cases, 
even  to  death — so  long  as  death  is,  by  law,  the  pun- 
ishment for  certain  kinds  of  homicide.  The  only 
forms  of  insanity  which,  in  my  opinion,  should  ab- 
solve from  responsibility  and,  therefore,  from  any 
other  punishment  except  sequestration,  are  such  a  de- 
gree of  idiocy,  dementia,  or  mania,  as  prevents  the  in- 


Y4:  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO   CRIME. 

dividual  from  understanding  the  consequences  of  his 
act,  and  the  existence  of  a  delusion  in  regard  to  a 
matter  of  fact  which,  if  true,  would  justify  his  act. 
Persons  suffering  from  either  of  these  forms  of  men- 
tal derangement  should,  in  the  interest  of  the  safety 
of  society,  be  deprived  of  their  liberty. 

But,  the  individual  who  has  sufficient  intelli- 
gence to  know  that  pointing  a  loaded  pistol  at  a 
human  being,  cocking  it,  and  pulling  the  trigger, 
are  acts  which  will  cause  the  death  of  the  person 
against  whom  they  are  directed,  should  be  subjected 
to  the  same  punishment  for  a  homicide  as  would  be 
awarded  for  a  like  offence  committed  by  a  sane  per- 
son. And  the  insane  person  whose  delusions  are  not 
such  as  would,  if  true,  justify  a  homicide,  should 
come  under  the  same  rule. 

Emotional  insanity,  and  volitional  insanity,  or 
irresistible  impulse,  should  generally  be  allowed  as 
much  extenuating  force  as  "heat  of  passion."  The 
exceptions  should  be  cases  such  as  those  of  Leger 
and  the  Alton  murderer,  in  which  there  was  a  delib- 
erate purpose  to  commit  murder  or  other  crime. 

And,  in  determining  whether  or  not  the  person 
who  has  committed  a  crime  was  insane  at  the  time, 
we  should  not,  as  is  too  generally  done,  merely  con- 
sider the  mental  condition  of  the  prisoner  at  the 
time  the  offence  was  perpetrated.  All  the  previous 


PHYSICAL  SYMPTOMS.  75 

and  subsequent  circumstances,  as  well  as  those  at- 
tendant upon  the  act,  should  be  thoroughly  investi- 
gated, and  due  weight  should  be  given  to  those 
physical  symptoms,  the  existence  of  which  will  al- 
ways be  revealed  by  careful  examination.  Insanity 
is  only  a  manifestation  of  disease  of  the  brain.  Its 
basis  is  as  much  physical  as  is  that  of  pneumonia,  or 
valvular  disease  of  the  heart,  or  any  other  affection 
which  all  regard  as  bodily.  It  is  no  more  possible 
for  a  person  to  be  insane  without  other  evidences  of 
disease  than  mental  derangement,  than  for  pneu- 
monia to  exist  with  no  other  symptoms  than  dis- 
turbed respiration,  or  for  valvular  disease  of  the 
heart  to  be  restricted  in  its  manifestations  to  irregu- 
larity of  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  The  doctrine 
that  an  individual  can  be  entirely  sane  immediately 
before  and  after  any  particular  act,  and  yet  insane 
at  the  instant  the  act  was  committed,  is  contrary 
to  every  principle  of  sound  psychological  science. 
Even  in  the  most  striking  instances  of  what  is  called 
transitory  mania,  or  morbid  impulse,  the  evidences 
of  preexistent  and  subsequent  disease  of  the  brain, 
will  be  found  if  they  are  looked  for  with  skill  and 
diligence  and  intelligence. 

As  to  frenzy,  which  is  really  nothing  more  than 
intense  emotional  disturbance,  its  consideration  does 
not  come  within  the  scope  of  this  memoir. 


76  INSANITY  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  CRIME. 

An  insane  person  deprived  of  his  liberty  on  ac- 
count of  a  murder,  should  never  again  be  allowed  to 
go  at  large.  The  danger  of  a  relapse  after  a  cure  is 
always  great,  and  a  shrewd  lunatic  may  very  readily 
deceive  those  about  him  into  the  belief  that  he  is 
cured,  when,  in  fact,  he  is  only  planning  his  escape 
from  durance.  The  books  and  journals  devoted  to 
the  subject  of  mental  diseases  abound  with  cases 
of  lunatics  who  have  committed  homicides  after 
having  been  discharged  from  asylums  as  perfectly 
cured. 

The  insane  should  never,  however,  be  confined  in 
ordinary  prisons.  There  ought  to  be  penitentiary 
asylums  in  which  insane  criminals  should  be  placed, 
and  in  which,  while  they  are  so  securely  kept  as 
to  render  society  safe  from  their  propensities  and 
weaknesses,  their  unfortunate  conditions  should  come 
under  such  humane  and  scientific  treatment  as 
would  be  best  calculated  to  afford  amelioration  and 
cure. 

Finally,  with  all  our  care  injustice  to  some  extent 
will  attend  upon  every  legal  process,  and  the  at- 
tempt by  man  to  reconcile  the  principles  of  abstract 
right  with  the  customs,  the  obligations,  and  the  ne- 
cessities of  society,  will  always  be  a  vain  effort.  But 
he  can  at  least  console  himself  with  the  reflection 
embodied  in  the  following  extract  from  Tacitus — 


CONCLUSION.  77 

that  most  eminent  jurist  and  virtuous  man — appli- 
cable particularly  to  acts  of  punishment  against  the 
insane :  "  Habet  aliquid  ex  iniquo  omne  magnum 
exemplum,  quod  contra  singulos,  utilitate  publica 
rependitur." 


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CATALOGUE 

OP 

MEDICAL    WORKS. 


ANSTIE. 

ISI  euralglcl,   and  Diseases  which  resemble  it. 
By  FRANCIS  E.  ANSTIE,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  C.  P., 

Senior  Assistant  Physician  to  Westminster  Hospital ;  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  in  West- 
minster Hospital  School ;  and  Physician  to  the  Belgrave  Hospital  for  Children  •  Editor 
of  "The  Practitioner"  (London),  etc. 

1  vol.,  12mo.    Cloth,  $2.50. 

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and,  for  a  treatise  of  its  size,  we  are  free  to  say  that  we  have  never  met  one  that  gives 
more  practical  information  and  is  fuller  of  useful  suggestions."— Medical  Record.. 

BARKER 
On  Sea-sickness. 

By  FORDYCE  BARKER,  M.  D., 

Clinical  Professor  of  Midwifery  and  the  Diseases  of  Women  in  the  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College,  etc. 

1  vol.,  16mo.    36  pp.    Flexible  Cloth,  75  cents. 

Reprinted  from  the  NEW  YORK  MEDICAL  JOURNAL.  By  reason  of  the  great  demand 
for  the  number  of  that  journal  containing  the  paper,  it  is  now  presented  in  book  form, 
with  such  prescriptions  added  as  the  author  has  found  useful  in  relieving  the  suffering 
from  sea-sickness. 

BARNES. 

Obstetric     Operations,     including  the    Treatment 
of  Haemorrhage. 

By  ROBERT  BARNES,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  C.  P.,  LONDON, 

Obstetric  Physician  to  and  Lecturer  on  Midwifery  and  the  Diseases  of  Women  and  Chil- 
dren at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital;  Examiner  on  Midwifery  to  the  Royal  College  of  Phy- 
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London  Hospital,  and  late  Physician  to  the  Eastern  Division  of  the  Royal  Maternity 

WITH  ADDITIONS,  by  BENJAMIN  F.  DAWSON,  M.  D., 

Late  Lecturer  on  Uterine  Pathology  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  New 
York ;  Assistant  to  the  Clinical  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York;  Physician  for  the  Diseases  of  Children  to  the 
New  York  Dispensary  ;  Member  of  the  I\ew  York  Obstetrical  Society,  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  County  of  New  York,  etc.,  etc. 

Second  American  Edition.    1  vol.,  8vo.    503  pp.    Cloth,  $4.50. 

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right  to  assume  the  position  of  a  teacher. 

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practice  of  the  obstetric  art  in  this  country,  and  to  be  of  great  service  to  the  practitioner.'' 
— Lancet. 


D.  Appleton  &   Co?s  Medical  Publications. 

Bellevue  and  Charity  Hospital  Reports. 

The  volume  of  JSelUvue  and  Charity  Hospital  Reports 
for  1870,  containing  valuable  contributions  from 

ISAAC  E.  TAYLOR,  M.  D.,  WILLIAM  A.  HAMMOND,  M.  D., 

AUSTIN  FLINT,  M.  D.,  T.  GAILLARD  THOMAS,  M.  D., 

LEWIS  A.  SAYRE,  M.  D.,  FRANK  H.  HAMILTON,  M.  D., 

and  others. 
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BENNET 
Winter  and  Spring  on  the  Shores  of 

the  Mediterranean;  or,  the  Riviera,  Mentone,  Italy, 
Corsica,  Sicily,  Algeria,  Spain,  and  Biarritz,  as  Win- 
ter Climates. 

By  J.  HENRY  BEXNET,  M.  D., 

Member  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physicians,  London;  late  Physician-Accoucher  to  the 
Royal  Free  Hospital;  Doctor  of  Medicine  of  the  University  of  Paris;  formerly  Resi- 
dent Physician  to  the  Paris  Hospitals  (ex-Interne  des  HCpitaux  de  Paris),  etc. 

This  work  embodies  the  experience  of  ten  winters  and  springs  passed  by  Dr.  Bennet 
on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  contains  much  valuable  information  for  physi- 
cians in  relation  to  the  health-restoring  climate  of  the  regions  described. 

1  vol.,  12mo.    621  pp.    Cloth,  $3.50. 

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ing Commercial. 

"It  has  a  more  substantial  value  for  the  physician,  perhaps,  than  for  any  other  class  or 
profession.  .  .  .  We  commend  this  book  to  our  readers  as  a  volume  presenting  two 
capital  qualifications— it  is  at  once  entertaining  and  instructive.'  —N.  Y.  Medical  Journal. 

On  the  Treatment  of  Pulmonary  Con- 

sumption,  by  Hygiene,  Climate,  and  Medicine,  in  its 
Connection  with  Modern  Doctrines. 

By  JAMES  HENRY  BENNET,  M.  D., 

Member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians,  London;  Doctor  of  Medicine  of  the  University 
of  Paris,  etc.,  etc. 

1  vol.,  thin  8vo.   Cloth,  $1.50. 

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"We  cordially  commend  this  book  to  the  attention  of  all,  for  its  practical  common- 
eense  views  of  the  nature  and  treatment  of  the  scourge  of  all  temperate  climates,  pulmo- 
nary consumption." — Detroit  Review  of  Medicine. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

BILLKOTH. 

General  Surgical  Pathology  and  The- 

rapeutics,  in  Fifty  Lectures.  A  Text-look  for  /Students 
and  Physicians. 

By  Dr.  THEODOR  BILLROTH, 

Professor  of  Surgery  in  Vienna. 

Translated  from  the  Fourth.  German  Edition,  with  the  special  permission 
of  the  Author,  by 

CHARLES  E.  HACKLEY,  A.  M.,  M.  D., 

Surgeon  to  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary;  Physician  to  the  New  York  Hospital;  Fellow 
of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  etc. 

1  vol.,  8vo.   676  pp.,  and  152  Woodcuts.   Cloth,  $5.00. 

Professor  Theodor  Billroth,  one  of  the  most  noted  authorities  on 
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ing state  of  knowledge  in  this  branch  of  medical  science.  The  fact  of 
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been  translated  into  French,  Italian,  Russian,  and  Hungarian,  should  be 
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6PECIMEU  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Mammary  Cancer,  adnons  form,  magnified  60  diameters. 

"  The  want  of  a  book  in  the  English  language,  presenting  in  a  concise  form  the 
views  of  the  German  pathologists,  has  long  been  felt ;  and  we  venture  to  say  no 

book  could  more  perfectly  supply  that  want  than  the  present  volume 

We  would  strongly  recommend  it  to  all  who  take  any  interest  in  the  progress  of 
thought  and  observation  in  surgical  pathology  and  surgery." — The  Lancet. 

"  A  great  addition  to  our  literature." — N.  Y.  Medical  Journal. 

"We  can  assure  our  readers  that  they  will  consider  neither  money  wasted  in 
its  purchase,  nor  time  in  its  perusal." — The  Medical  Investigator. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

COMBE. 

The  Management  of  Infancy,  Physiologi- 
cal and  Moral.  Intended  chiefly  for  the  Use  of 
Parents. 

By  ANDREW  COMBE,  M.  D. 

REVISED   AND    EDITED 

By  SIR  JAMES  CLARK,  K.O.B.,  M.D.,  F.  R.  S., 

Physician-in-ordinary  to  the  Queen. 

First  American   from  the  Tenth  London  Edition.     1  vol.,   12mo.     302  pp. 

Cloth,  $1.50. 

"  In  the  following  pages  I  have  addressed  myself  chiefly  to  parents 
and  to  the  younger  members  of  the  medical  profession ;  but  it  is  not  to 
them  alone  that  the  subject  ought  to  prove  attractive.  The  study  of  in- 
fancy, considered  even  as  an  element  in  the  history  and  philosophy  of 
man,  abounds  in  interest,  and  is  fertile  in  truths  of  the  highest  practical 
value  and  importance." — Extract  from  Authors  Preface. 

"  This  excellent  little  book  should  be  in  the  hand  of  every  mother  of  a  family ; 
and  if  some  of  our  lady  friends  would  master  its  contents,  and  either  bring  up 
their  children  by  the  light  of  its  teachings,  or  communicate  the  truths  it  contains 
to  the  poor  by  whom  they  are  surrounded,  we  are  convinced  that  they  would  ef- 
fect infinitely  more  good  than  by  the  distribution  of  any  number  of  tracts  what- 
ever ....  We  consider  this  work  to  be  one  of  the  few  popular  medical  treatises 
that  any  practitioner  may  recommend  to  his  patients ;  and,  though,  if  its  precepts 
are  followed,  he  will  probably  lose  a  few  guineas,  he  will  not  begrudge  them  if 
he  sees  his  friends'  children  grow  up  healthy,  active,  strong,  and  both  mentally 
and  physically  capable." — The  Lancet. 

DAVIS. 

Conservative  Surgery,  as  exhibited  in  remedying 
some  of  the  Mechanical  Causes  that  operate  injuri- 
ously both  in  Health  and  Disease.  With  Illustrations. 

By  HENRY  G.   DAYIS,  M.  D., 

Member  of  tne  American  Medical  Association,  etc.,  etc. 
1  vol.,  8vo.    315  pp.    Cloth,  $3.00. 

The  Author  has  enjoyed  rare  facilities  for  the  study  and  treatment 
of  certain  classes  of  disease,  and  the  records  here  presented  to  the  pro- 
fession are  the  gradual  accumulation  of  over  thirty  years'  investigation. 

"  Dr.  Davis,  bringing,  as  he  does  to  his  specialty,  a  great  aptitude  for  the 
solution  of  mechanical  problems,  takes  a  high  rank  as  an  orthopedic  surgeon, 
and  his  very  practical  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the  subject  is  both  valu- 
able and  opportune.  We  deem  it  worthy  of  a  place  in  every  physician's  library. 
The  style  is  unpretending,  but  trenchant,  graphic,  and,  best  of  all,  quite  intelli- 
gible."— Medical  Record. 


D.  Appleton  <&   Co?s  Medical  Publications. 

FLINT. 

The     Physiology    of    Man.       Designed  to  rep- 
resent the  Existing  State  of  Physiological  Science  as 
applied  to  the  Functions  of  the  Human  Body. 
By  AUSTIN  FLINT,  JR.,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Microscopy  in  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  and  in  the 
Long  Island  College  Hospital ;  Fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine ;  Microscopist 
to  Bellevue  Hospital 

In  Five  Volumes.   8vo.    Tinted  Paper. 
Volume  I. — The  Blood ;  Circulation;  Respiration. 

8vo.    502  pp.     Cloth,  $4.50. 


SPECIMEN  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Ducts  and  Acini  of  the  Mammary  Organs. 

4<  If  the  remaining  portions  of  this  work  are  compiled  with  the  same  care  and 
accuracy,  the  whole  may  vie  with  any  of  those  that  have  of  late  years  been  pro- 
duced in  our  own  or  in  foreign  languages." — British  and  Foreign  Medico- Chirurgi- 
cal  Review. 

"  As  a  book  of  general  information  it  will  be  found  useful  to  the  practitioner, 
and,  as  a  book  of  reference,  invaluable  in  the  hands  of  the  anatomist  and  physi- 
ologist."— Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Medical  Science. 

"  The  complete  work  will  prove  a  valuable  addition  to  our  systematic  treatises 
on  human  physiology." — The  Lancet. 

"  To  those  who  desire  to  get  in  one  volume  a  concise  and  clear,  and  at  the 
same  time  sufficiently  full  resume  of  '  the  existing  state  of  physiological  science,' 
we  can  heartily  recommend  Dr.  Flint's  work.  Moreover,  as  a  work  of  typographi- 
cal art  it  deserves  a  prominent  place  upon  our  library-shelves.  Messrs.  Appleton 
&  Co.  deserve  the  thanks  of  the  profession  for  the  very  handsome  style  in  which 
they  issue  medical  works.  They  give  us  hope  of  a  time  when  it-  will  be  very 
generally  believed  by  publishers  that  physicians'  eyes  are  worth  saving." — Medi- 
cal Gazette. 


D.  Appleton  &   Co.'s  Medical  Publications. 

Flint's     Physiology.       Volume   IL  —  Aliments 
tion;  Digestion;  Absorption;  Lymph  and  Chyle. 

8vo.     556  pp,     Cloth,  $4.50. 

"  The  second  instalment  of  this  work  fulfils  all  the  expectations  raised  by  the 
perusal  of  the  first.  .  .  .  The  author's  explanations  and  deductions  bear 
evidence  of  much  careful  reflection  and  study.  .  .  .  The  entire  work  is  one 
of  rare  interest.  The  author's  style  is  as  clear  and  concise  as  his  method  is 
studious,  careful,  and  elaborate." — Philadelphia  Inquirer. 

"  We  regard  the  two  treatises  already  issued  as  the  very  best  on  human  physi- 
ology which  the  English  or  any  other  language  affords,  and  we  recommend  them 
with  thorough  confidence  to  students,  practitioners,  and  laymen,  as  models  of 
literary  and  scientific  ability." — JV.  Y.  Medical  Journal. 

"  We  have  found  the  style  easy,  lucid,  and  at  the  same  time  terse.  The  prac- 
tical and  positive  results  of  physiological  investigation  are  succinctly  stated, 
without,  it  would  seem,  extended  discussion  of  disputed  points." — Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal. 

"  It  is  a  volume  which  will  be  welcome  to  the  advanced  student,  and  as  a 
work  of  reference." — TJie  Lancet. 

"  The  leading  subjects  treated  of  are  presented  in  distinct  parts,  each  of  which 
is  designed  to  be  an  exhaustive  essay  on  that  to  which  it  refers." —  Western  Jour- 
nal of  Medicine. 

Volume  III. — Secretion  •  Excretion  ;  Ductless  Glands  ;  Nu- 
trition /  Animal  Heat  /  Movements  ;  Voice  and  Speech. 

8vo.     526  pp.     Cloth,  $4.50. 

"  Dr.  Flint's  reputation  is  sufficient  to  give  a  character  to  the  book  among  the 
profession,  where  it  will  chiefly  circulate,  and  many  of  the  facts  given  have  been 
verified  by  the  author  in  his  laboratory  and  in  public  demonstrations." — Chicago 
Courier. 

"  The  author  bestows  judicious  care  and  labor.  Facts  are  selected  with  dis- 
crimination, theories  critically  examined,  and  conclusions  enunciated  with  com- 
mendable clearness  and  precision." — American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 

"  The  work  is  calculated  to  attract  other  than  professional  readers,  and  is 
written  with  sufficient  clearness  and  freedom  from  technical  pedantry  to  be  per- 
fectly intelligible  to  any  well-informed  man." — London  Saturday  Review. 

"  From  the  extent  of  the  author's  investigations  into  the  best  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  the  present  day,  the  world  over,  and  the  candor  and  good  judgment  which 
he  brings  to  bear  upon  the  discussion  of  each  subject,  we  are  justified  in  regarding 
his  treatises  as  standard  and  authoritative,  so  far  as  in  this  disputed  subject 
authority  is  admissible. — New  York  Times. 

Volume  IV. — The  Nervous  System. 

This  volume  is  now  ready.  It  is  a  work  of  great  interest,  and,  in 
conjunction  with  the  "  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,"  by 
Dr.  Win.  A.  Hammond,  constitutes  a  complete  work  on  "  The  Physiology 
and  Pathology  of  the  Nervous  System." 

Volume  V. — Generation.    (In  press.) 


D.  Appleton  &   Go's  Medical  Publications. 

FLINT. 
Manual  of  Chemical  Examination  of 

the  Urine  in  Disease.  With  Brief  Directions  for  the 
Examination  of  the  most  Common  Varieties  of  Uri- 
nary Calculi. 

By  AUSTIN  FLINT,   JB.,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Physiology  and  Microscopy  in  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College ;  Fellow  of  the 
New  York  "Academy  of  Medicine ;  Member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New 
York;  Eesident  Member  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  in  the  City  of  New  York,  etc. 

Third  Edition,  revised  and  corrected.    1  vol.,  12mo.    77  pp.    Cloth,  $1.00. 

The  chief  aim  of  this  little  work  is  to  enable  the  busy  practitioner  to 
make  for  himself,  rapidly  and  easily,  all  ordinary  examinations  of  Urine ; 
to  give  him  the  benefit  of  the  author's  experience  in  eliminating  little 
difficulties  in  the  manipulations,  and  in  reducing  processes  of  analysis 
to  the  utmost  simplicity  that  is  consistent  with  accuracy. 

"  We  do  not  know  of  any  work  in  English  so  complete  and  handy  as  the 
Manual  now  offered  to  the  profession  by  Dr.  Flint,  and  the  high  scientific  reputa- 
tion of  the  author  is  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  the  accuracy  of  all  the  directions 
given." — Journal  of  Applied  Chemistry. 

"  We  can  unhesitatingly  recommend  this  Manual." — Psychological  Journal. 

"Eminently  practical." — Detroit  Review  of  Medicine. 

On  the  Physiological  Effects  of  Severe 

and  Protracted  Muscular  Exercise.    With  Special  Ref- 
erence to  its  Influence  upon  the  Excretion  of  Nitrogen. 
By  AUSTIN  FLINT,  JB.,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  New  York,  etc.,  etc. 

1  vol.,  8vo.   91  pp.    Cloth,  $2.00. 

This  monograph  on  the  relations  of  Urea  to  Exercise  is  the  result  of 
a  thorough  and  careful  investigation  made  in  the  case  of  Mr.  Edward 
Payson  Weston,  the  celebrated  pedestrian.  The  chemical  analyses  were 
made  under  the  direction  of  R.  0.  Doremus,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry and  Toxicology  in  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  by 
Mr.  Oscar  Loew,  his  assistant.  The  observations  were  made  with  the 
cooperation  of  J.  C.  Dalton,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  Alexander  B.  Mott,  M.  D.,  Professor 
of  Surgical  Anatomy;  W.  H.  Van  Buren,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Principles 
of  Surgery;  Austin  Flint,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine ;  W.  A.  Hammond,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the 
Mind  and  Nervous  System— all  of  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College. 

"  This  work  will  be  found  interesting  to  every  physician.  A  number  of  im- 
portant results  were  obtained  valuable  to  the  physiologist." — Cin.  Med.  Repertory. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 
HAMMOND. 

A  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Nervous 

System. 

By  WILLIAM  A.  HAMMOND,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mtnd  and  Nervous  System,  and  of  Conical  Medicine,  in  the  BeDevue 
Hospital  Medical  College :  Physician-in-Chief  to  the  New  York  State  Hospital  for  Diseased 
of  the  Nervous  System,  etc.,  etc. 

SECOND  EDITION,  REVISED  AND  CORRECTED. 

With  Forty-five  Illustrations.   1  vol.,  8vo.   750  pp.   Cloth,  $5.00. 

The  treatise  embraces  an  introductory  chapter,  which  relates  to  the 
instruments  and  apparatus  employed  in  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of 
diseases  of  the  nervous  system,  and  five  sections.  Of  these,  the  first 
treats  of  diseases  of  the  brain ;  the  second,  diseases  of  the  spinal  cord  ; 
the  third,  cerebro-spinal  diseases ;  the  fourth,  diseases  of  nerve-cells ; 
and  the  fifth,  diseases  of  the  peripheral  nerves.  One  feature  which  may 
be  claimed  for  the  work  is,  that  it  rests,  to  a  great  extent,  upon  the  per- 
sonal observation  and  experience  of  the  author,  and  is  therefore  no  mere 
compilation. 


"  The  author's  clear  and  terse  style  of  diction  renders  the  book  exceedingly 
readable,  and  the  cases  reported  and  cited  add  much  to  the  interest  of  the  text. 
.  .  .  There  is  so  much  that  is  entertaining  in  the  mental  and  other  manifesta- 
tions of  nervous  disorder,  especially  when  presented  as  they  are  here,  that  a  work 
of  this  kind  will  find  many  readers  outside  the  profession ;  and,  it  may  be  hoped, 
will  serve  not  only  to  interest  and  amuse,  but  to  induce  a  closer  observance  of 
those  hygienic  laws  upon  whose  violation  many  of  the  ailments  here  treated  of 
depend." — New  York  Medical  Journal. 

"  The  work  is  replete  with  useful  knowledge,  and  every  physician  who  expects 
to  be  called  on,  as  an  expert,  to  testify  in  cases  of  supposed  insanity,  after  the 
commission  of  crimes,  should  give  the  book  a  thorough  perusal." — Leavenworth 
Medical  Herald. 

"  That  a  treatise  by  Prof.  Hammond  would  be  one  of  a  high  order  was  what 
we  anticipated,  and  it  affords  us  pleasure  to  state  that  our  anticipations  have 
been  realized." — Cincinnati  Medical  Repertory. 

"  It  affords  a  vast  amount  of  information,  is  captivating,  and  worth  reading." 
— Cincinnati  Lancet  and  Observer. 

"  This  is  unquestionably  the  most  complete  treatise  on  the  diseases  to  which 
it  is  devoted  that  has  yet  appeared  in  the  English  language ;  and  its  value  is 
much  increased  by  the  fact  that  Dr.  Hammond  has  mainly  based  it  on  his  own 
experience  and  practice,  which,  we  need  hardly  remind  our  readers,  have  been 
very  extensive." — London  Medical  Times  and  Gazette. 

"Free  from  useless  verbiage  and  obscurity,  it  is  evidently  the  work  of  a 
man  who  knows  what  he  is  writing  about,  and  knows  how  to  write  about  it"— 
Chicago  Medical  Journal. 


D.  Appleton  &   Co?s  Medical  Publications. 

HOLLAND. 
Recollections  of  Past  Life, 

By  SIR  HENRY  HOLLAND,  Bart.,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  K.  C.  B.,  etc., 
President  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  Physician-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen, 

etc.,  etc. 

1  vol.,  12mo,  351  pp.   Price,  Cloth,  $2.00. 

A  very  entertaining  and  instructive  narrative,  partaking  somewhat  of  the  nature  of 
autobiography  and  yet  distinct  from  it,  in  this,  that  its  chief  ohject,  as  alleged  by  the 
writer,  is  not  so  much  to  recount  the  events  of  his  own  life,  as  to  perform  the  office  of 
chronicler  for  others  with  whom  he  came  in  contact  and  was  long  associated. 

The  "  Life  of  Sir  Henry  Holland  "  is  one  to  be  recollected,  and  he  has  not  erred  in  giv- 
ing an  outline  of  it  to  the  public." — The  Lancet. 

"His  memory  was— is,  we  may' say,  for  he  is  still  alive  and  in  possession  of  all  his 
faculties — stored  with  recollections  of  the  most  eminent  men  and  women  of  this  cen- 
tury. ...  A  life  extending  over  a  period  of  eighty-four  years,  and  passed  in  the  most 
active  manner,  in  the  midst  of  the  best  society,  which  the  world  has  to  offer,  must  neces- 
sarily be  full  of  singular  interest;  and  Sir  Henry  Holland  has  fortunately  not  waited  until 
his  memory  lost  its  freshness  before  recalling  some  of  the  incidents  in  it." — The  New 
York  Times. 

HOWE. 

Emergencies,  and  How  to  Treat  Them. 

The  Etiology,  Pathology,  and  Treatment  of  Accidents, 
Diseases,  and  Cases  of  Poisoning,  which  demand 
Prompt  Attention.  Designed  for  Students  and  Prac- 
titioners of  Medicine. 

By  JOSEPH  W.  HOWE,  M.  D., 

Visiting  Surgeon  to  Charity  Hospital ;  Lecturer  on  Surgery  in  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  New  York,  etc. 

1  vol.,  8vo.    265  pp.    Cloth,  $3.00. 

This  volume  is  designed  as  a  guide  in  the  treatment  of  cases  of  emergency  occurring  in 
medical,  surgical,  or  obstetrical  practice.  It  combines  all  the  important  subjects,  giving 
special  prominence  to  points  of  practical  Interest  in  preference  to  theoretical  considera- 
tions, and  uniting,  with  the  results  of  personal  observation,  the  latest  views  of  European 
and  American  authorities. 

"The  style  is  concise,  perspicuous,  and  definite.  Each  article  is  written  as  though  that 
particular  emergency  were  present;  there  is  no  waste  of  words,  nor  temporizing  with 
remedies  of  doubtful  efficacy.  The  articles  on  oedema  glottidis.  asphyxia,  and  strangulated 
hernia,  are  particularly  clear  and  practical,  and  furnish  all  the  information  required  in  the 
management  of  those  urgent  cases. 

_"  It  will  be  found  invaluable  to  students  and  voting  practitioners,  in  supplying  thorn 
with  an  epitome  of  useful  knowledge  obtainable  from  no  other  single  work ;  while  to  the 
older  members  of  the  profession  it  will  serve  as  a  reliable  and  '  ready  remembrancer.'1  "— 
The  Medical  Record. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

HUXLEY  AND  YOTJMANS. 
The     Elements     of    Physiology    and 

Hygiene.     With  Numerous  Illustrations. 

By  THOMAS  H.  HUXLEY,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  and 

WILLIAM  JAY  YOUMANS,  M.D. 

1  vol.,  12mo.   420  pp.    $1.75. 

A  text-book  for  educational  institutions,  and  a  valuable  elementary 
work  for  students  of  medicine.  The  greater  portion  is  from  the  pen  of 
Professor  Huxley,  adapted  by  Dr.  Youmans  to  the  circumstances  and 
requirements  of  American  education. 

"  A  valuable  contribution  to  anatomical  and  physiological  science." — Religious 
Telescope. 

"A  clear  and  well-arranged  work,  embracing  the  latest  discoveries  and  ac- 
cepted theories." — Buffalo  Commercial. 

"  Teeming  with  information  concerning  the  human  physical  economy." — 
Evening  Journal. 

HUXLEY. 
The  Anatomy  of  Vertebrated  Animals, 

By  THOMAS  HENRY  HUXLEY,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 

Author  of  "Man's  Place  in  Nature,"  "On  the  Origin  of  Species,"  "  Lay  Sermons  and 

Addresses,"  etc. 

1  vol.,  12mo.    Cloth,  $2.00. 

The  former  works  of  Prof.  Huxley  leave  no  room  for  doubt  as  to  the  impor- 
tance and  value  of  his  new  volume.  It  is  one  which  will  be  very  acceptable  to  all 
who  are  interested  in  the  subject  of  which  it  treats. 

SPECIMEN    OP   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


The  Alligator  Terrapene  (Chelydra  Serpentind). 


"This  long-expected  work  will  "be  cordially  welcomed  by  all  students  and  teachers  of 
Comparative  Anatomy  as  a  compendious,  reliable,  and,  notwithstanding  its  small  dimen- 
sions, most  comprehensive  guide  on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats.  To  praise  or  to  criti- 
cise the  work  of  so  accomplished  a  master  of  his  favorite  science  would  be  equally  out  of 
place.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  it  realizes,  in  a  remarkable  degree,  the  anticipations  which 
have  been  formed  of  it;  and  that  it  presents  an  extraordinary  combination  of  wide,  gen- 
eral views,  with  the  clear,  accurate,  and  succinct  statement  of  a  prodigious  number  of 
individual  facts."— Nature. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

JOHNSON. 
The    Chemistry    of    Common     Life. 

Illustrated  with  numerous  Wood  Engravings. 
By  JAMES  F.  JOHNSON,  M.  A.,  F.  K.  S.,  F.  G.  S.,  ETC.,  ETC., 

Author  of  "Lectures  on  Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Geology,"  "A  Catechism  of  Agricultural 
Chemistry  and  Geology,"  etc. 

2  vols.,  12mo.    Cloth,  S3. 00. 

It  has  been  the  object  of  the  author  in  this  work  to  exhibit  the 
present  condition  of  chemical  knowledge,  and  of  matured  scientific 
opinion,  upon  the  subjects  to  which  it  is  devoted.  The  reader  will  not 
be  surprised,  therefore,  should  he  find  in  it  some  things  which  differ 
from  what  is  to  be  found  in  other  popular  works  already  in  his  hands  or 
on  the  shelves  of  his  library. 

LETTEKMAfr. 
Medical  Recollections  of  the  Army  of 

the  Potomac. 

By  JONATHAN  LETTERMAN,  M.  D., 

Late  Surgeon  U.  8.  A.,  and  Medical  Director  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

1  vol.,  8vo.    194  pp.    Cloth,  81.00. 

"  This  account  of  the  medical  department  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac has  been  prepared,  amid  pressing  engagements,  in  the  hope  that 
the  labors  of  the  medical  officers  of  that  army  may  be  known  to  an  in- 
telligent people,  with  whom  to  know  is  to  appreciate ;  and  as  an  afifec 
tionate  tribute  to  many,  long  my  zealous  and  efficient  colleagues,  who, 
in  days  of  trial  and  danger,  which  have  passed,  let  us  hope  never  to  re- 
turn, evinced  their  devotion  to  their  country  and  to  the  cause  of  hu- 
manity, without  hope  of  promotion  or  expectation  of  reward." — Preface. 

"  We  venture  to  assert  that  but  few  who  open  this  volume  of  medical  annals, 
pregnant  as  they  are  with  instruction,  will  care  to  do  otherwise  than  finish  them 
at  a  sitting." — Medical  Record. 

"  A  graceful  and  affectionate  tribute." — N.  Y.  Medical  Journal. 

LEWES. 
The  Physiology  of  Common   Life. 

By  GEORGE  HENRY  LEWES, 

Author  of  "Seaside  Studies,"  "Life  of  Goethe,"  etc. 

2  vols.,  12mo.    Cloth,  $3.00. 

The  object  of  this  work  differs  from  that  of  all  others  on  popular 
science  in  its  attempt  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  student,  while  meeting 
those  of  the  general  reader,  who  is  supposed  to  be  wholly  unacquainted 
with  anatomy  and  physiology. 


D.  Applet  on  <&   Co.'s  Medical  Publications. 

MAUDSLEY. 
The  Physiology  and  Pathology  of  the 

Mind. 

By  HENRY  MAUDSLEY,  M.  D.,  LONDON, 

Physician  to  the  "West  London  Hospital ;  Honorary  Member  of  the  Medico-Psychological  Society 
of  Paiis ;  formerly  Resident  Physician  of  the  Manchester  Royal  Lunatic  Hospital,  etc. 

1  vol.,  8vo.     442  pp.    Cloth,  $3.50. 

This  work  aims,  in  the  first  place,  to  treat  of  mental  phenomena  from 
a  physiological  rather  than  from  a  metaphysical  point  of  view ;  and, 
secondly,  to  bring  the  manifold  instructive  instances  presented  by  the 
unsound  mind  to  bear  upon  the  interpretation  of  the  obscure  problems 
of  mental  science. 

"  Dr.  Maudsley  has  had  tjje  courage  to  undertake,  and  the  skill  to  execute, 
what  is,  at  least  in  English,  an  original  enterprise." — London  Saturday  Review. 

"  It  is  so  full  of  sensible  reflections  and  sound  truths  that  their  wide  dissemi- 
nation could  not  but  be  of  benefit  to  all  thinking  persons." — PsychologicalJoumal. 

"  Unquestionably  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  important  works  on  the  subject 
of  which  it  treats  that  has  ever  appeared,  and  does  credit  to  his  philosophical 
acumen  and  accurate  observation." — Medical  Record. 

"  We  lay  down  the  book  with  admiration,  and  we  commend  it  most  earnestly 
to  our  readers  as  a  work  of  extraordinary  merit  and  originality — one  of  those 
productions  that  are  evolved  only  occasionally  in  the  lapse  of  years,  and  that 
serve  to  mark  actual  and  very  decided  advances  in  knowledge  and  science." — 
N.  Y.  Medical  Journal. 

and  .Mind  \  An  Inquiry  into  their  Con- 
nection and  Mutual  Influence,  specially  in  reference 
to  Mental  Disorders ;  being  the  Gulstonian  Lectures 
for  1870,  delivered  lefore  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians.  With  Appendix. 

By  HENRY  MAUDSLEY,  M.  D.,  LONDON, 

Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physicians;  Professor  of  MedicalJurisprudence  in  University  Col- 
le°-e  London ;  President-elect  of  the  Medico-Psychological  Association ;  Honorary  Member  of 
the  Medico-Psychological  Society  of  Paris,  of  the  Imperial  Society  of  Physicians  of  Vienna, 
and  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Psychiatry  and  Forensic  Psychology  of  Vienna ; 
formerly  Eesident  Physician  of  the  Manchester  Eoyal  Lunatic  Asylum,  etc.,  etc. 

1  vol.,  12mo.    155  pp.    Cloth,  $1.00. 

The  general  plan  of  this  work  may  be  described  as  being  to  bring 
man,  both  in  his  physical  and  mental  relations,  as  much  as  possible  with- 
in the  scope  of  scientific  inquiry. 

"A  representative  work,  which  every  one  must  study  who  desires  to  know 
what  is  doing  in  the  way  of  real  progress,  and  not  mere  chatter,  about  mental 
physiology  and  pathology." — The  Lancet.. 

"  It  distinctly  marks  a  step  in  the  progress  of  scientific  psychology." — The 
Practitioner. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

MARKOE. 

A  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Bones. 

By  THOMAS  M.  MARKOE,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  etc. 

WITH    NUMEROUS    ILLUSTRATIONS. 
1  vol.  8vo.    Cloth,  $4.50. 

SPECIMEN    OP    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


This  valuable  work  is  a  treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Bones,  embracing  their 
structural  changes  as  affected  by  disease,  their  clinical  history  and  treatment,  in- 
eluding  also  an  account  of  the  various  tumors  which  grow  in  or  upon  them. 
None  of  the  injuries  of  bone  are  included  in  its  scope,  and  no  joint  diseases,  ex- 
cepting where  the  condition  of  the  bone  is  a  prime  factor  in  the  problem  of 
disease.  As  the  work  of  an  eminent  surgeon  of  large  and  varied  experience,  it 
may  be  regarded  as  the  best  on  the  subject,  and  a  valuable  contribution  to  medi- 
cal literature. 

"  The  hook  which  I  now  offer  to  my  professional  brethren  contains  the  substance  of 
the  lectures  which  I  have  delivered  during  the  past  twelve  years  at  the  college.  ...  I 
have  followed  the  leadings  of  my  own  studies  and  observations,  dwelling  more  on  those 
branches  where  I  had  seen  and  studied  most,  and  perhaps  too  much  neglecting  others 
where  my  own  experience  was  more  barren,  and  therefore  to  me  less  interesting.  I  have 
endeavored,  however,  to  make  np  the  deficiencies  of  my  own  knowledge  by  the  free  use  of 
the  materials  scattered  so  richly  through  our  periodical  literature,  which  scattered 
leaves  it  is  the  right  and  the  duty  of  the  systematic  writer  to  collect  and  to  embody  in 
any  account  he  may  offer  of  the  state  of  a  science  at  any  given  period."— Extract  from 
Autfior^s  Prtface. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

MEYER 
Electricity  in  its  Relations  to  Practical 

Medicine. 

By  DB.  MORITZ  METER, 

Koyal  Counsellor  of  Health,  etc. 

Translated  from  the  Third  German  Edition,  with  Notes  and  Additions, 
A  New  and  Revised  Edition, 

By  WILLIAM  A.  HAMMOND,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  System,  and  of  Clinical  Medicine,  in  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College;  Vice-President  of  the  Academy  of  Mental  Sciences,  National 
Institute  of  Letters,  Arts,  and  Sciences ;  late  Surgeon-General  U.  S.  A.,  etc. 

1  vol.,  8vo.     497  pp.     Cloth,  $4.50. 

"  It  is  the  duty  of  every  physician  to  study  the  action  of  electricity, 
to  become  acquainted  with  its  value  in  therapeutics,  and  to  follow  the 
improvements  that  are  being  made  in  the  apparatus  for  its  application  in 
medicine,  that  he  may  be  able  to  choose  the  one  best  adapted  to  the 
treatment  of  individual  cases,  and  to  test  a  remedy  fairly  and  without 
prejudice,  which  already,  especially  in  nervous  diseases,  has  been  used 
with  the  best  results,  and  which  promises  to  yield  an  abundant  harvest 
in  a  still  broader  domain." — From  Authors  Preface. 

SPECIMEN  OP  ILLTTSTBATIONS. 


Saxton-Ettinghausen  Apparatus. 

"  Those  who  do  not  read  German  are  under  great  obligations  to  William  A. 
Hammond,  who  has  given  them  not  only  an  excellent  translation  of  a  most^  ex- 
cellent work,  but  has  given  us  much  valuable  information  and  many  suggestions 
from  his  own  personal  experience." — Medical  Record. 

"  Dr.  Moritz  Meyer,  of  Berlin,  has  been  for  more  than  twenty  years  a  laborious 
and  conscientious  student  of  the  application  of  electricity  to  practical  ^ medicine, 
and  the  results  of  his  labors  are  given  in  this  volume.  Dr.  Hammond,  in  making 
a  translation  of  the  third  German  edition,  has  done  a  real  service  to  the  profession 
of  this  country  and  of  Great  Britain.  Plainly  and  concisely  written,  and  simply 
and  clearly  arranged,  it  contains  just  what  the  physician  wants  to  know  on  the 
subject." — N.  T.  Medical  Journal. 

"  It  is  destined  to  fill  a  want  long  felt  by  physicians  in  this  country."— Journal 
of  Obstetrics. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

NIEMEYER 
A  Text-Book  of   Practical    Medicine. 

With  Particular  Reference  to  Physiology  and  Patho- 
logical Anatomy. 

By  the  late  Dr.  FELIX  VOtf  NIEMEYER, 

Professor  of  Pathology  and  Therapeutics ;  Director  of  the  Medical  Clinic  of  the  University  of 

Tubingen. 

Translated  from  the  Eighth  German  Edition,  by  special  permission  of 

the  Author, 

By  GEORGE  H.   HUMPHREYS,   M.  D., 

Late  one  of  the  Physicians  to  the  Bureau  of  Medical  and  Surgical  Relief  at  Bellevue  Hospital  for 
the  Out-door  Poor ;  Fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  etc., 

and 
CHARLES  E.  HACKLEY,  M.  D., 

One  of  the  Physicians  to  the  New  York  Hospital;  one  of  the  Surgeons  to  the  New  York  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary ;  Fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  etc. 

Revised  Edition.    2  vols.,  8vo.    1,528  pp.    Cloth,  $9.00 ;  Sheep,  $11.00. 

The  author  undertakes,  first,  to  give  a  picture  of  disease  which  shall 
be  as  lifelike  and  faithful  to  nature  as  possible,  instead  of  being  a  mere 
theoretical  scheme ;  secondly,  so  to  utilize  the  more  recent  advances 
of  pathological  anatomy,  physiology,  and  physiological  chemistry,  as  to 
furnish  a  clearer  insight  into  the  various  processes  of  disease. 

The  work  has  met  with  the  most  flattering  reception  and  deserved 
success;  has  been  adopted  as  a  text-book  in  many  of  the  medical  colleges 
both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe;  and  has  received  the  very  highest 
encomiums  from  the  medical  and  secular  press. 

"It  is  comprehensive  and  concise,  and  is  characterized  by  clearness  and 
Originality." — Dublin  Quarterly  Journal  of  Medicine.  • 

"  Its  author  is  learned  in  medical  literature ;  he  has  arranged  his  materials 
with  care  and  judgment,  and  has  thought  over  them." — The  Lancet. 

"As  a  full,  systematic,  and  thoroughly  practical  guide  for  the  student  and 
physician,  it  is  not  excelled  by  any  similar  treatise  in  any  language." — Applelons' 
Journal. 

"  The  author  is  an  accomplished  pathologist  and  practical  physician  ;  he  is  not 
only  capable  of  appreciating  the  new  discoveries,  which  during  the  last  ten  years 
have  been  unusually  numerous  and  important  in  scientific  and  practical  medicine, 
but,  by  his  clinical  experience,  he  can  put  these  new  views  to  a  practical  test,  and 
give  judgment  regarding  them." — Edinburgh  Medical  Journal. 

"  From  its  general  excellence,  we  are  disposed  to  think  that  it  will  soon  take 
its  place  among  the  recognized  text-books." — American  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Medical  Sciences. 

"  The  first  inquiry  in  this  country  regarding  a  German  book  generally  is,  '  Is 
it  a  work  of  practical  value  ?  "  Without  stopping  to  consider  the  justness  of  the 
American  idea  of  the  '  practical,'  we  can  unhesitatingly  answer,  '  It  is  ! '  " — New 
York  Medical  Journal. 

"  The  author  has  the  power  of  sifting  the  tares  from  the  wheat — a  matter  of 
the  greatest  importance  in  a  text-book  for  students." — British  Medical  Journal. 

"  Whatever  exalted  opinion  our  countrymen  may  have  of  the  author's  talents 
of  observation  and  his  practical  good  sense,  his  text-book  will  not  disappoint 
them,  while  those  who  are  so  unfortunate  as  to  know  him  only  by  name,  have  in 
store  a  rich  treat." — New  York  Medical  Record. 


D.  Appleton  c&   Co. 'a  Medical  Publications. 

NEUMANN. 
Hand-Book  of  Skin  Diseases. 

By  DR.  ISIDOR  NEUMANN, 
Lecturer  on  Skin  Diseases  in  the  Royal  University  of  Vienna. 

Translated  from  advanced  sheets  of  the  second  edition,  furnished  by  the 
Author ;  with  Notes, 

By  LUCIUS  D.  BULKLEY,  A.  M.,  M.  D., 

Surgeon  to  the  New  York  Dispensary,  Department  of  Venereal  and  Skin  Diseases ;  Assist- 
ant to  the  Skin  Clinic  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York;  Mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  Dermatological  Society,  etc.,  etc. 

1  vol.,  8vo.   About  450  pages  and  66  Woodcuts.    Cloth,  $4.00. 

SPBOttlEN  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Section  of  skin  from  a  bald  head. 

Prof.  Neumann  ranks  second  only  to  Hebra,  whose  assistant  he  was  for  many  years, 
and  his  work  may  be  considered  as  a  fair  exponent  of  the  German  practice  of  Dermatolo- 
gy. The  book  is  abundantly  illustrated  with  plates  of  the  histology  and  pathology  of  the 
skin.  The  translator  has  endeavored,  by  means  of  notes  from  French,  English,  and  Ameri- 
can sources,  to  make  the  -work  valuable  to  the  student  as  well  as  to  the  practitioner. 

"  It  is  a  work  which  I  shall  heartily  recommend  to  my  class  of  students  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  and  one  which  I  feel  sure  will  do  much  toward  enlightening  the  pro- 
fession on  this  subject."— Louis  A.  Duhring. 

"  I  know  it  to  be  a  good  book,  and  I  am  sure  that  it  is  well  translated;  and  it  is  inter- 
esting to  find  it  illustrated  by  references  to  the  views  of  co-laborers  in  the  same  field." — 
Erasmus  Wilson. 

*'  So  complete  as  to  render  it  a  most  useful  book  of  reference/1 — T.  Me  Call  Anderson. 

"There  certainly  is  no  work  extant  which  deals  so  thoroughly  with  the  Pathological 
Anatomy  of  the  Skin  as  does  this  hand-book." — N.  Y.  Medical  Record. 

"  The  original  notes  by  Dr.  Bulkley  are  very  practical,  and  are  an  important  adjunct  to 
the  text.  .  .  .  I  anticipate  for  it  a  wide  circulation." — Silas  Durkee,  Boston. 

"  I  have  already  twice  expressed  my  favorable  opinion  of  the  book  in  print,  and  am 
glad  that  it  is  given  to  the  public  at  last." — James  C.  White,  Boston. 

"More  than  two  years  ago  we  noticed  Dr.  Neumann's  admirable  work  in  its  original 
shape ;  and  we  are  therefore  absolved  from  the  necessity  of  saying  more  than  to  repeat 
our  strong  recommendation  of  it  to  English  readers."— Practitioner. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

NEFTEL. 

-Therapeutics.  The  Physiological  <wd 
Therapeutical  Action  of  the  Galvanic  Current  upon 
the  Acoustic,  Optic,  Sympathetic,  and  Pneumogastric 
Nerves. 

By  WILLIAM  B.  NEFTEL. 
1  vol.,  12mo.    161  pp.    Cloth,  $1.50. 

This  book  has  been  published  at  the  request  of  several  aural  surgeons 
and  other  professional  gentlemen,  and  is  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  sub- 
jects of  which  it  treats.  Its  author,  formerly  visiting  physician  to  the 
largest  hospital  of  St.  Petersburg,  has  had  the  very  best  facilities  for  in- 
vestigation. 

"  This  little  work  shows,  as  far  as  it  goes,  full  knowledge  of  what  has  been 
done  on  the  subjects  treated  of,  and  the  author's  practical  acquaintance  with 
them." — New  York  Medical  Journal. 

"Those  who  use  electricity  should  get  this  work,  and  those  who  do  not 
should  peruse  it  to  learn  that  there  is  one  more  therapeutical  agent  that  they 
could  and  should  possess." — The  Medical  Investigator. 


NIGHTINGALE. 
Notes  On  Nursing  :    What  it  is,  and  what  it  is  not 

By   FLORENCE    NIGHTINGALE. 
1  vol.,  12mo,  140  pp.    Cloth,  75  cents. 

Every  day  sanitary  knowledge,  or  the  knowledge  of  nursing,  or,  in 
other  words,  of  how  to  put  the  constitution  in  such  a  state  as  that  it  will 
have  no  disease  or  that  it  can  recover  from  disease,  takes  a  higher  place. 
It  is  recognized  as  the  knowledge  which  every  one  ought  to  have — dis- 
tinct from  medical  knowledge,  which  only  a  profession  can  have. 


D.  Appleton  c5   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 


PEASLEE. 
A  Treatise  on  Ovarian  Tumors.    Their 

Pathology,  Diagnosis,   and    Treatment,    with   reference 
especially  to  Ovariotomy. 

By  EDMUND  R.  PEASLEE,  M.  D.,  LL.  D., 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  Women,  in  Dartmonth  College  ;  one  of  the  Consulting  Surgeons 
to  the  N.  Y.  State  Woman's  Hospital;  formerly  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Diseases 
of  Women,  in  the  N.  Y.  Medical  College;  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Obstetrical 
Society  of  Berlin,  etc. 

In  one  large  vol.,  8vo.,  with  Illustrations. 

SPECIMEN  OP  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


SYEINGE  FOE  EXPLORATION  OF  OVAEIAN  CYSTS. 

A,  instrument,  5%  inches  long1 ;  B,  gilded  tube,  3  inches  long,  and  £s  to  •&  inch  in  diameter, 
with  bevelled  point ;  .ZT,  similar  tube,  4%  inches  long ;  (7,  rubber  tube,  to  be  attached  to  arm 
ct,  by  which  the  fluid,  drawn  from  the  cyst  through  a\  is  forced  out.  The  stop-cocks  at  a 
and  a1  are  both  shown  as  closed. 

This  valuable  work,  embracing  the  results  of  many  years  of  successful  ex- 
perience, in  the  department  of  which  it  treats,  will  prove  most  acceptable  to  the 
entire  profession ;  while  the  high  standing  of  the  author  and  his  knowledge  of 
the  subject  combine  to  make  the  book  the  best  in  the  language.  It  is  divided 
into  two  parts :  the  first,  treating  of  Ovarian  Tumors,  their  anatomy,  pathology, 
diagnosis,  and  treatment,  except  by  extirpation;  the  second,  of  Ovariotomy,  its 
history  and  statistics,  and  of  the  operation.  Fully  illustrated,  and  abounding  with 
information  the  result  of  a  prolonged  study  of  J;he  subject,  the  work  should  be 
in  the  hands  of  every  physician  in  the  country. 


D.  Appleton  c5   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

STROTJD. 
The  Physical  Cause  of  the  Death  of 

Christ,  and  its  Relations   to  the  Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Christianity. 

By   WILLIAM    STROUD,   M.  D., 

With  a  Letter  on  the  Subject, 

By    SIR    JAMES    Y.    SIMPSON,    BART.,M.  D. 
1  vol.,  12mo.  422  pp.    Cloth,  $2. CO. 

This  important  and  remarkable  book  is,  in  its  own  place,  a  masterpiece,  and 
will  be  considered  as  a  standard  work  for  many  years  to  come. 

The  principal  point  insisted  upon  is,  that  the  death  of  Christ  was  caused  by  rupture 
or  laceration  of  the  heart.  Sir  James  Y.  Simpson,  who  had  read  the  author's  treatise 
and  various  comments  on  it,  expressed  himself  very  positively  in  favor  of  the  views 
maintained  by  Dr.  Stroud."— Psycfwlogical  Journal. 

SWETT. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Chest. 

Being   a    Course    of   Lectures    delivered   at    the   New 
ITorJc  Hospital. 

By  JOHN  A.  SWETT,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  the  Institutes  and  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  New  York  University ;  Physi- 
cian to  the  New  York  Hospital;  Member  of  the  New  York  Pathological  Society. 

1  vol.,  8vo.    587  pp.    $3.50. 

Embodied  in  this  volume  of  lectures  is  the  experience  of  ten  years  in  hospital 
and  private  practice. 

SAYKE. 
A  Practical  Manual  on  the  Treatment 

of  Club-Foot. 

By  LEWIS  A.  SAYRE,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Orthopedic  Surgery  in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College;  Surgeon  to  Belle- 
vue  and  Charity  Hospitals,  etc. 

1  vol.,  12mo.    91  pp.    Cloth,  $1.00. 

"  The  object  of  this  work  is  to  convey,  in  as  concise  a  manner  as  possible,  all 
the  practical  information  and  instruction  necessary  to  enable  the  general  prac- 
titioner to  apply  that  plan  of  treatment  which  has  been  so  successful  in  my  own 
hands." 

"  Tbe  book  will  very  well  satisfy  the  wants  of  the  majority  of  general  practitioners, 
for  whose  use,  as  stated,  it  is  intended."— New  York  Medical  Journal. 


D.  Applet  on  <&   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

SIMPSON. 
The  Posthumous  Works  of  Sir  James 

Young  Simpson,  Bart.)  M.  D.    In  Three  Volumes. 

Volume  I. — Selected  Obstetrical  and  Gynaecological  Works  of 
Sir  James  Y.  Simpson,  Bart.,  M.  D.,  D.  C.  L.,  late  Professor  of  Midwifery  in 
the  University  of  Edinbugh.  Containing  the  substance  of  his  Lectures  on 
Midwifery.  Edited  by  J.  WATT  BLACK,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  London;  Physician-Accoucheur  to  Charing  Cross 
Hospital,  London;  and  Lecturer  on  Midwifery  and  Diseases  of  Women  and 
Children  in  the  Hospital  School  of  Medicine. 

1  vol.,  8vo.    852  pp.    Cloth,  $3.00- 

This  volume  contains  all  the  more  important  of  the  contributions  of 
Sir  James  Y.  Simpson  to  the  study  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women, 
with  the  exception  of  his  clinical  lectures  on  the  latter  subject,  which 
will  shortly  appear  in  a  separate  volume.  This  first  volume  contains 
many  of  the  papers  reprinted  from  his  Obstetric  Memoirs  and  Contri- 
butions, and  also  his  Lecture  Notes,  now  published  for  the  first  time, 
containing  the  substance  of  the  practical  part  of  his  course  of  midwifery. 
It  is  a  volume  of  great  interest  to  the  profession,  and  a  fitting  memorial 
of  its  renowned  and  talented  author. 

"  To  many  of  our  readers,  doubtless,  the  chief  of  the  papers  it  contains  are 
familiar.  To  others,  although  probably  they  may  be  aware  that  Sir  James  Simp- 
son has  written  on  the  subjects,  the  papers  themselves  will  be  new  and  fresh. 
To  the  first  class,  we  would  recommend  this  edition  of  Sir  James  Simpson's  works, 
as  a  valuable  volume  of  reference ;  to  the  latter,  as  a  collection  of  the  works  of  a 
great  master  and  improver  of  his  art,  the  study  of  which  cannot  fail  to  make  them 
better  prepared  to  meet  and  overcome  its  difficulties." — Medical  Times  and  Gazette. 

Volume   II. — Anaesthesia,    Hospitalism,    etc.      Edited    by  Sir 
WALTKR  SIMPSON,  Bart. 

1  vol.,  8vo.    560  pp.    Cloth,  $3.00. 

"  We  say  of  this,  as  of  the  first  volume,  that  it  should  find  a  place  on^tbe  table 
of  every  practitioner  ;  for,  though  it  is  patchwork,  each  piece  may  be  picked  out 
and  studied  with  pleasure  and  profit." — The  Lancet  (London}. 

Volume  III.— The  Diseases  of  Women.    Edited  by  ALEX.  SIMP- 
SOX,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Midwifery  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 

1  vol.,  8vo.,    Cloth,  $3.00. 

One  of  the  best  works  on  the  subject  extant.  Of  inestimable  value  to  every 
physician. 


D.  Appleton  &   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

TILT. 
A   Hand-Book  of  Uterine  Therapeu- 

tics  and  of  Diseases  of  Women. 

By  EDWARD  JOHtf  TILT,  M.  D., 

Member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians;  Consulting  Physician  to  the  Farringdon  General 
Dispensary;  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society,  and  of  several  British  and 
foreign  societies. 

1  vol.,  8vo.    345  pp.   Cloth,  $3.50. 

Second  American  edition,  thoroughly  revised  and  amended. 
The  main  points  developed  in  this  work  are : 

1.  The  paramount  importance  of  hygiene  for  the  relief  and  cure  of 
diseases  of  women. 

2.  The  constitutional  nature  of  many  diseases  of  women,  and  the 
impossibility  of  curing  them  without  constitutional  remedies. 

3.  The  manifest  reaction  of  uterine  diseases  on  the  female  system, 
and  the  impossibility  of  curing  many  uterine  complaints,  without  surgi- 
cal measures. 

4.  The  great  value  of  therapeutics  to  assuage  and  cure  diseases  of 
women,  and  the  belief  in  the  value  of  those  remedial  measures  that  are 
as  old  as  medicine  itself,  such  as  venesection,  emetics,  and  caustics. 

"  In  giving  the  result  of  his  labors  to  the  profession  the  author  has  done  a 
great  work.  Our  readers  will  find  its  pages  very  interesting,  and,  at  the  end  of 
their  task,  will  feel  grateful  to  the  author  for  many  very  valuable  suggestions  as 
to  the  treatment  of  uterine  diseases." — The  Lancet. 

"  Dr.  Tilt's  '  Hand-book  of  Uterine  Therapeutics '  supplies  a  want  which  has 
often  been  felt.  ...  It  may,  therefore,  be  read  not  only  with  pleasure  and 
instruction,  but  will  also  be  found  very  useful  as  a  book  of  reference." — The 
Medical  Mirror. 

"  Second  to  none  on  the  therapeutics  of  uterine  disease." — Journal  of  Ob- 
stetrics. 

VAN  BUKEN. 

Lectures  upon  Diseases  of  the  Rectum. 

Delivered  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College. 
Session  of  1869~'TO. 

By  W.  H.  VA1ST  BUREN,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Surgery  with  Diseases  of  the  Genito-TJrinary  Organs,  etc.,  in  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College ;  one  of  the  Consulting  Surgeons  of  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital, of  the  Bellevue  Hospital;  Member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  of  the 
Pathological  Society  of  New  York,  etc.,  etc. 

1  vol.,  12mo.     164  pp.    Cloth  SI. 50. 

Lecture  I.— Pruritus  Ani,  Haemorrhoids,  etc.  II.— Internal  Haemor- 
rhoids. III. — Polypus.  IV. — Fistula  in  Ano.  V. — Fissure,  or  Irritable 
Ulcer.  VI.— Stricture  of  the  Rectum.  VII. — Cancer.  VIII.— Diagno- 
sis, etc. 

"  It  seems  hardly  necessary  to  more  than  mention  the  name  of  the  author  of 
this  admirable  little  volume  in  order  to  insure  the  character  of  his  book.  No 
one  in  this  country  has  enjoyed  greater  advantages,  and  had  a  more  extensive 
field  of  observation  in  this  specialty,  than  Dr.  Van  Buren,  and  no  one  has  paid 
the  same  amount  of  attention  to  the  subject.  .  .  .  Here  is  the  experience 
of  years  summed  up  and  given  to  the  professional  world  in  a  plain  and  practical 
manner." — Psychological  Journal. 


D.  Appleton  c&   CoSs  Medical  Publications. 

VOGEL. 
A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Diseases 

of  Children.  Second  American  from  the  Fourth 
German  Edition.  Illustrated  ~by  Six  Lithographic 
Plates. 

By  ALFKED  YOGEL,  M.  D., 

Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  the  University  of  Dorpat,  Russia. 
TEANSLATED  AND  EDITED  BY 

H.    RAPHAEL,    M.  D., 

Late  House  Surgeon  to  Bellevue  Hospital ;  Physician  to  the  Eastern  Dispensary  for  ihe  Diseases 
of  Children,  etc.,  etc. 

1  vol.,  8vo.    611  pp.    Cloth,  84.50. 

The  work  is  well  up  to  the  present  state  of  pathological  knowledge ; 
complete  without  unnecessary  prolixity;  its  symptomatology  accurate, 
evidently  the  result  of  careful  observation  of  a  competent  and  experi- 
enced clinical  practitioner.  The  diagnosis  and  differential  relations  of 
diseases  to  each  other  are  accurately  described,  and  the  therapeutics 
judicious  and  discriminating.  All  polypharmacy  is  discarded,  and  only 
the  remedies  which  appeared  useful  to  the  author  commended. 

This  work  of  Yogel's  contains  much  that  must  gain  for  it  the  merited 
praise  of  all  impartial  judges,  and  prove  it  to  be  an  invaluable  text-book 
for  the  student  and  practitioner,  and  a  safe  and  useful  guide  in  the  diffi- 
cult but  all- important  department  of  Psediatrica. 

"  Rapidly  passing  to  a  fourth  edition  in  Germany,  and  translated  into  three 
other  languages,  America  now  has  the  credit  of  presenting  the  first  English  ver- 
sion of  a  book  which  must  take  a  prominent,  if  not  the  leading,  position  among 
works  devoted  to  this  class  of  disease." — N.  Y.  Medical  Journal. 

"  The  profession  of  this  country  are  under  many  obligations  to  Dr.  Raphael 
for  bringing,  as  he  has  done,  this  truly  valuable  work  to  their  notice." — Medical 
Record. 

"The  translator  has  been  more  than  ordinarily  successful,  and  his  labors 
have  resulted  in  what,  in  every  sense,  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  medicai 
science." — Psychological  Journal. 

"  We  do  not  know  of  a  compact  text-book  on  the  diseases  of  children  more 
complete,  more  comprehensive,  more  replete  with  practical  remarks  and  scientific 
facts,  more  in  keeping  with  the  development  of  modern  medicine,  and  more 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  the  profession,  than  that  which  has  been  the  subject 
of  our  remarks." — Journal  of  Obstetrics. 


NEW  MEDICAL  WORKS  IN  PRESS. 


On   Puerperal   Diseases.       Clinical  Lectures  de- 
livered at  Bellevue  Hospital. 

By  FOEDYCE  BAEKEE,  M.  D., 

Clinical  Professor  of  Midwifery  and  Diseases  of  Women  in  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College ;  Obstetric  Physician  to  Bellevue  Hospital ;  Consulting  Physician  to  the  N.  Y. 
State  Woman's  Hospital,  and  to  the  N.  Y.  State  Hospital  for  Diseases  of  the  Nervous 
System;  Honorary  Member  of  the  Edinburgh  Obstetrical  Society,  etc.,  etc. 

A  course  of  lectures  valuable  alike  to  the  student  and  the  practitioner. 


Hand- Book  of  the  Histology  and  His- 

to-  Chemistry  of  Man. 

By  Dr.  HEINEICH  FEEY, 

of  Zurich. 
Illustrated  with  500  Woodcuts. 

A  Treatise  on  Obstetrics,  with  an  introduction 

on  the  Pathology  of  Pregnancy  and  Childbirth. 

By  Dr.  KAEL    SOHEOEDEE, 

of  the  University  of  Erlangen,  Bavaria. 

On  Surgical  Diseases  of  the  Male  Gen- 

ito-  Urinary  Organs^  including  Syphilis. 
By  W.  H.  VAN  BUEEST,  M.  D.,  and  EDW.  L.  KEYES,  H.  D. 

A  New  Work  on  the  Anatomy,  Pathol- 
ogy, and  Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the  Ovaries. 

By  T.  SPENCEE  WELLS,  M.  D., 

flurgeon-in-Ordinary  to  Her  Majesty's  Household ;  Surgeon  to  the  Samaritan  Hospital  tor 
Women  ;  Member  of  the  Royal  Institutions,  etc.,  etc. 

Chemical  Technology. 

By    EUDOLF    WAGNEE. 

Translated  by  WM.  CROOKES,  F.R.S. 


fflf  YORK  MEDICAL  JOURNAL, 


WM.  T.  X  USK,  M.  V., 

.  B.  HUNTER,  M.D., 


Published  Monthly.      Volumes  begin  in  January  and  July. 

"  Among  the  numerous  records  of  Medicine  and  the  collateral  sciences  published  iu 
America,  the  above  Journal  occupies  a  high  position,  and  deservedly  so."—  The  Lancet 
(London). 


Terms,  $1.00  per  Annum,     Specimen  Copies,  25  Cents. 

THE  JOWL  OF  PSYCHOLOGICAL  SIEDICIffi : 

A  QUARTERLY  REVIEW  OF 

DISEASES  OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM,  MEDICAL  JURIS- 
PRUDENCE, AND  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

EDITED  BY 

WILLIAM  A.  HAMMOND,  M.  D. 


"  A  Quarterly  that  does  honor  to  the  professions  to  which  it  is  chiefly  addressed." — 
New  York  World. 

Terms,  $5.00  per  Annum.     Specimen  Copies,  $1.00. 

1    Ul    UJjllll        MVSJL.LJ.i.1  UJJ        XIJ.UJ.1  XXXJ-I  JL  J 

Conducted  by  Prof.  E.  L.  Youmans. 
Published  Monthly.    Each  Number  contains  128  pages, 

OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 

"  Just  the  publication  needed  at  the  present  day.'1— Montreal  Gazette. 

"It  is,  beyond  comparison,  the  best  attempt  at  journalism  of  the  kind  ever  made  in 
this  country." — Home  Journal. 

"  The  initial  number  is>  admirably  constituted." — Evening  Mail. 

"  In  our  opinion,  the  right  idea  has  been  happily  hit  in  the  plan  of  this  new  monthly.' 
—'Buffalo  Courier. 

"  A  journal  which  promises  to  be  of  eminent  value  to  the  cause  of  popular  education  in 
this  country.1'— N.  Y.  Tribune. 

THE  POPULAR  SCIENCE  MONTHLY  is  published  in  a  large 
octavo ',  handsomely  printed  on  clear  type.  Terms,  Five  dollars  per  an- 
num, or  Fifty  Cents  per  copy. 

New  York  MedicalJournal  and  Psychological  Journal $8  00 

New  York  MedicalJournal  and  Appletons1  Weekly  Journal  of  Literature,  Science, 

and  Art 7  00 

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IW  Payment,  in  all  cases,  must  be  in  advance. 

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D,  APPLETCN  &  CO.,  549  and  551  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


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